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فعل های وجهی غیرشخصی فارسی میانۀ زردشتی | ||
| زبان پژوهی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 27 مهر 1400 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jlr.2021.35465.2011 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
نرجس بانو صبوری  1؛ بلقیس روشن2
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| 1هیات علمی دانشگاه پیام نور | ||
| 2استاد زبانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این جستار به بررسی ویژگی‌های معنایی و رفتارهای نحوی فعل‌های وجهی غیرشخصی فارسی میانۀ زردشتی اختصاص دارد و با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام شده است. در این پژوهش بررسی ویژگی‌های معنایی بر اساس تقسیم‌بندی پالمر (1997) در سه نوع معرفتی، تکلیفی و پویا و دو درجۀ امکان و ضرورت انجام پذیرفته است. بنابر یافته‌های این جستار، در فارسی میانۀ زردشتی افزون بر دو درجۀ امکان و ضرورت، درجۀ احتمال نیز از درجات اصلی برای بیان درجۀ وجهیت به‌شمار می‌رود. از میان چهار فعل وجهی غیرشخصی فارسی میانۀ زردشتی، abāyēd «باید، ضروری است» دارای خوانش هر سه نوع وجهیت معرفتی، تکلیفی و پویا بوده و در همۀ موارد بیان‌گر درجۀ ضرورت است و سه فعل وجهی šāyēd «شایسته است؛ می‌توان»، tuwān «می‌توان» و sazēd «سزاوار است؛ می‌توان» برای بیان دو وجهیت تکلیفی و پویا و درجۀ امکان به‌کار رفته‌اند. همچنین دو فعل وجهی šāyēd و sazēd بیان‌کنندۀ درجۀ احتمال در وجهیت تکلیفی هستند. رفتارهای نحوی فعل‌های وجهی همچون هم‌نشینی با متمم‌های فعلی، حرکت فعل-های وجهی و کاربرد سه مورد از این فعل‌ها در نقش فعل واژگانی شاهدی از روند دستوری‌شدگی این فعل‌ها به‌شمار می‌رود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| وجهیت؛ فعل‌های وجهی غیرشخصی؛ ویژگی‌های معنایی؛ رفتارهای نحوی؛ فارسی میانۀ زردشتی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Impersonal Modal Verbs in Middle Persian Zoroastrian | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Narjes Sabouri1؛ Belghis Rovshan2 | ||
| 1Department of Linguistics, Payame Noor Yniversity | ||
| 2Linguistics Department,, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Studying Impersonal Modal Verbs in Middle Persian Zoroastrian 1. Introduction Modality is of fundamental importance in studying the structure of all languages all over the world. Providing a comprehensive definition on this notion is difficult. In general, modality expresses the speaker's point of view towards the statement in the sentence. In terms of semantics, the modality is considered in two general categories: epistemic and root modalities. Epistemic modality expresses the speaker's assessment of the probability or predictability of the action. This type of modality involves the possibility or necessity of the proposition based on the judgment, evidence, or knowledge of the speaker. The root modality is used to express concepts such as coercion, permission, and ability and is itself divided into two subsets of deontic and dynamic. In deontic modality, often external circumstances and power oblige the third person or addressee to act or do an activity. In dynamic modality, the inner force or the existing conditions provide the necessity or possibility for the action to be performed. This kind of modality expresses the ability and capability of the actor. 2. Materials and Methods This research is an overview to the semantic and syntactic study of Middle Persian Zoroastrian impersonal modal verbs. This is a library research via descriptive-analytical method. The data of this research have been collected manually from Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts. After the literature review, explanations are given about the modality and inflectionality of Middle Persian impersonal verbs. Then, the semantic features of impersonal modal verbs (based on Palmer’s division, 1997) and the syntactic behaviors of these verbs are examined, and categories such as negativeization, the use of these verbs in interrogative sentences, collocation with verbal complements, the movement of impersonal verbs and their application in the role of lexical verbs have been studied and analyzed. 3. Results The modal verbs of Middle Persian Zoroastrian are traditionally divided into personal and impersonal categories. The personal verbs of Middle Persian Zoroastrian are composed of two verbs of “griftan” and “kāmistan” and the impersonal verbs are consisted of four verbs of “abāyēd”, “šāyēd”, “tuwān”, and “sazēd”. Personal modal verbs are used in terms of person and number, and impersonal verbs are often used in the same form for all persons and grammatical numbers. Often the perfect infinitive or bare infinitive is present in the sentence as a complement to the impersonal verb before or after that. In this section we refer to semantic and syntactic features of the modals in the Middle Persian Zoroastrian. 1.ud ān zan wāng kard kū ma tars Ardaxšīr….u-t xwadāyīh ērān-šahr was sāl abāyēd kardan (Kār-Nāmag ī Ardašir ī Bābakan, 1977, p. 32). ud amā mardōmān abar tuxšāg abāyēd būd kū xwēš ruwān rāy nēkīh xwāhēm nē anāgīh 2. (Dinkard Book 6, 2015, p. 73). ud afsōn nēkīh abar ēstēd nān xward gyāg šāyēd wirāst (The Pahlavi Rivāyat, 1990, p.199). 3. 4. ēn-iz paydāg kū weh-dēn-ē ka tis-ē frāz rasēd ud nē dānēd kū az kardan kirbag ayāb wināh agar tis az ān ī–š tuwān spōxtan ka nē kunēd u-š be spōxt tuwān (The Pahlavi Rivāyat, 1990, p. 47). 4. 5.ud ān ī abāg harw kas sazēd dāštan āštīh ud dōšāram. (Dānāk u Mainyo-ī Khard, 1913, p. 115). ud amā mardōmān abar tuxšāg abāyēd būd kū xwēš ruwān rāy nēkīh xwāhēm nē anāgīh. 6. (Dinkard Book 6, 2015, p. 73). 7. ud ān-iz ī driyōštar mardōm ka nē dānēd xwardan ud dāštan pad xwāstag drahm-ē šāyēd be marg-arzānīh be madan. (Dinkard Book 6, 2015, p. 203). 8. ud yazad…. nūn-iz harw ka-š abāyēd bērōn kardan hu-garīhā tuwān (Dēnkard Book 5, 2007, p. 83). 9. frōd āwurišnīh ī sar niyāyišnīg pad ēr-menišnīh ō ham-dahišnān nē ān paristišn ast ī dādār pad-iš a-nīrmad-ē sazēd būd (Dēnkard Book 5, 2007, p. 73). In the above sentences, the usage of the modal verbs in the Middle Persian Zoroastrian indicate the different types of modality, so the first sentence represents the epistemic type, the second to fifth represent the deontic and the others represent the dynamic one. 10. pad rāh kū šawēnd widarg ēdn be brīnēnd abāg āb be šōbēnd tā ē māh āb xwardan nē šāyēd (Pahlavi Texts, 1992, p. 204). 11. ud agar nasā wišuftag ast čiyōn abāyēd kardan? (Rivāyat ī Ādurfarrōbay ī Farrokhzādān, 2005, p. 73) 12. ēy Zarthušt anē tō rāy gōwēm ka mardōm dēndār u ahlaw ka dar ān zamān (ī) wattar abar kār kirbag kamtar tuwān kunnd. (Manuscript M. U. 29, 1999, p. 292). 13. haštdahom bowandagīh ān bawēd kē ān ī nē sazēd nē menēd ud nē gōwēd ud nē kunēd (The Pahlavi Rivāyat, 1990, p. 227). In terms of syntax, our data indicates that in all cases the negation sign and word questions are placed before the modal verb (sentences 10, 11). Also, some examples indicate the collocation of tense verb with the modal verb instead of infinitive (sentence 12). Of the four modal verbs, three (“abāyēd”, “šāyēd” and “sazēd”) have the role of lexical verb (sentence 13). 5. Conclusion Drawn upon the findings of this study, among the four impersonal modal verbs of Middle Persian, only “abāyēd” has a reading of all three types of epistemic, deontic and dynamic aspects, and the other three verbs have been used to express both deontic and dynamic aspects. The modal verb of “abāyēd” in all cases expresses necessity. Three modal verbs of “šāyēd”, “tuwān”, and “sazēd” are used to express both deontic and dynamic aspects and the degree of possibility. The degree of probability is also used with two verbs of “šāyēd” and “sazēd” in deontic modality. In terms of semantic variation, “šāyēd” implies various meanings such as "being possible", "being able", "being worthy" and "having permission" and contains the most meanings among the middle Persian verbs of Zoroastrianism. Modal verbs of the Middle Persian Zoroastrian have the same syntactic behaviors. Examining some syntactic features of impersonal modal verbs, such as collocation with tense verbs and the simultaneous use of the three of these verbs in the role of independent lexical verbs and modal verb indicate that the process of grammaticalization have begun in the Middle Persian language. Key Words: modality, impersonal modal verbs, semantic features, syntactic behaviors, grammaticalization, lexical verb, Middle Persian Zoroastrian. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| modality, impersonal modal verbs, semantic features, syntactic behaviors, Middle Persian Zoroastrian | ||
| مراجع | ||
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