تعداد نشریات | 25 |
تعداد شمارهها | 928 |
تعداد مقالات | 7,637 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,457,187 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 8,865,245 |
تبیین جامعهشناختی نگرش نسبت به خشونت علیه زنان در میان دانشجویان پسر دانشگاههای استان مازندران | ||
مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
مقاله 4، دوره 19، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 67، تیر 1400، صفحه 119-164 اصل مقاله (669.93 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2021.36326.2447 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
سمانه اسکندری1؛ اکبر علیوردی نیا* 2؛ محمد اسماعیل ریاحی3؛ رحمت الله معمار4 | ||
1دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی دانشگاه مازندران eskandary1986@gmail.com | ||
2نویسنده مسئول، استاد جامعه شناسی، دانشگاه مازندران، aliverdinia@umz.ac.ir | ||
3دانشیار جامعه شناسی، دانشگاه مازندران، m.riahi@umz.ac.ir | ||
4استادیار جامعه شناسی، دانشگاه مازندران، r.memar@yahoo.com | ||
چکیده | ||
پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل اجتماعی- فرهنگی مؤثر بر نگرش دانشجویان نسبت به خشونت علیه زنان صورت پذیرفتهاست. این مطالعه با استفاده از روش پیمایش در میان ۴۰۰ نفر از دانشجویان پسر دانشگاههای دولتی استان مازندران که بر اساس شیوهی نمونهگیری احتمالی طبقهای انتخاب شدهبودند و با استفاده از نظریههای فمینیسم لیبرال و یادگیری اجتماعی انجام شدهاست. نتایج حاصل از این بررسی نشان میدهد که اغلب دانشجویان (۵/۷۲ درصد) دارای نگرش منفی، ۲/۲۶ درصد دارای نگرش میانه و ۲/۱ درصد دارای نگرش مثبت نسبت به خشونت علیه زنان بودهاند. همچنین، نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه نشان میدهد که متغیرهای مستقل کیفیت هنجاری ادراکشده دیگران مهم، نگرش سنتی نسبت به زنان، کیفیت عکسالعمل ادراکشده دیگران مهم، پاداشهای ادراکشده و انتظارات سنتی از نقش زناشویی، به ترتیب دارای بیشترین تاثیر بر متغیر وابسته پژوهش بودهاند. در حالت کلی، نتایج به دست آمده، گزارههای مربوط به نظریههای فمینیسم لیبرال و یادگیری اجتماعی را تایید میکنند و نشان میدهند که نگرش نسبت به خشونت علیه زنان، امری اجتنابناپذیر نبوده و تحت تاثیر ساختار و ایدئولوژی حاکم بر جامعه و پیوندهای اجتماعی فرد با اطرافیان و پاداشها و تنبیههایی ایجاد میگردد که شخص در جریان کنشهایش دریافت میکند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
نگرش؛ خشونت علیه زنان؛ فمینیسم لیبرال؛ یادگیری اجتماعی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
A Sociological Explaining of Attitudes toward Violence Against Women among Male College Students in Mazandaran Province | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Samaneh Eskandary1؛ Akbar Aliverdinia2؛ Mohammad Esmaeil Riahi3؛ Memar Rahmatollah4 | ||
1PhD Student in Sociology, University of Mazandaran, eskandary1986@gmail.com | ||
2(Corresponding Author) Professor of Sociology, University of Mazandaran, aliverdinia@umz.ac.ir | ||
3Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Mazandaran, m.riahi@umz.ac.ir | ||
4Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Mazandaran, r.memar@yahoo.com | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
This study aimed to investigate social and cultural factors affecting students’ attitudes toward violence against women. This study was conducted using a survey method among 400 male students of public universities in Mazandaran province who were selected based on stratified probabilistic sampling method and using theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning. The results revealed that the majority of participants (72/5%) had a negative, more than 26% of them had a medium, and more than 1% of them had a positive attitude toward violence against women. Also, the results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variables of perceived norm qualities of significant others, traditional attitudes towards women, perceived reaction qualities of significant others, perceived rewards, and traditional marital role expectations, respectively have the greatest impact on the dependent variable. In general, the results confirm the propositions of the theories of liberal feminism and social learning and they show that the issue of violence against women and the attitudes toward it, is not inevitable, rather it is created under the influence of the structure and ideology that governs society and the social ties of the individual with those around him and the rewards and punishments he receives during his actions. Keywords Attitude, Violence against Women, Liberal Feminism, Social Learning Extended Abstract Introduction: Today, violence against women is recognized as a social issue that overshadows the physical and mental health of individuals, families and societies and is an obstacle to progress and development in societies. One of the determining factors on the incidence and prevalence of violence against women is the attitude towards it. In fact, attitudes toward violence against women are an important factor in men committing it, how they react to victims of this type of violence in intimate and formal relationships, as well as how women victims and those around them react to it (Flood & Pease, 2009, p. 126). Therefore, gaining knowledge about the attitude of individuals towards violence against women is considered as a primary and fundamental step in reducing and controlling this social issue. Objectives: The objectives of the present study are: assessing attitudes toward violence against women, explaining attitude towards violence against women in terms of variables inferred from the theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning, examining the relationship between each of the variables of theory Of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning with Each Dimension of Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women, Examining the Explanatory Power of Liberal Feminism Theories and Social Learning in Explaining Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women, and Examining the Political Implications of Liberal Feminism Theories and Social Learning to prevent violence against women. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of the present study is a combination of theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning. According to Liberal Feminism, violence against wives is caused by the subordinate position of women in relation to men. In particular, the power differentials between men and women are maintained and reinforced in the intimate relationships that characterize the patriarchal family system. It is argued that the very underpinnings of such relations are sustained by an ideology embedded in the system of institutions, including religious, political, and economic systems (Haj-Yahia, 2003, pp. 194-195). Also, according to Social Learning theory, individuals learn and modify new behaviors through the process of modeling. Reinforcement serves to strengthen new behaviors vicariously by observing the consequences of others’ behaviors as well as by direct experience (Haj-Yahia, Wilson, & Naqvi, 2012, p. 1937). Thus, the theory of Social Learning considers violence against women and the attitude towards it as a learnable trait that is formed during the individual social bonds in primary and secondary relationships, rewards and punishments have been received, observed and are predictable in the future and modeling from the observations and experiences achieved from childhood and adolescence. Method: This study was conducted using a survey method and a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of all male students studying in public universities of Mazandaran province in the academic year 1399-1400, of which 383 were selected and studied using stratified probabilistic sampling. To analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, correlation coefficients and multiple regression were used. Findings: The findings of this study indicate that most of the participants in the survey had a negative attitude and on the contrary, only a small number of them had a positive attitude towards violence against women. Also, in this research, the results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variables of perceived norm qualities of significant others, traditional attitude towards women, perceived reaction qualities of significant others, perceived rewards and traditional marital role expectations, respectively have The greatest impact on the dependent variable. In addition, multiple regression analysis related to different dimensions (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral) of attitudes toward violence against women suggests that independent research variables have the greatest impact on the emotional dimension of attitudes toward violence against women. Results: In general, the results show that the attitude towards violence against women is not inevitable but is influenced by the structure and ideology of the society and the individual's social ties with those around him and the rewards and punishments received through his actions is made. In other words, at the macro level, growing up in a society based on hierarchical structures based on the superiority of men and the inferiority of women, interacts with value and normative patterns that are in place in the minds of individuals in order to maintain and reproduce themselves, and at the micro-level, growing up in the family and social networks that support this structure and ideology are the key factors in shaping the violent attitude towards women in the minds of individuals. Thus, coordinated government efforts to prohibit the use of violence against children and adolescents in the family as much as it is prohibited in school, exposing traditional and unequal patterns of action and norms in children and Adolescents' educational and recreational programs; and trying to correct them by emphasizing egalitarian patterns of action and norms, using active groups to reduce violence against women to change the beliefs, attitudes and orientations of men who have committed violence against their wives, Are some of the cases that are suggested in order to reduce the favourable attitude towards violence against women. References Abbott, P., & Wallace, C. (2011). An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives (Translated by Najm Eraghi, M.). Tehran: Nashre-Nay. [Text in Persian] Akers, R. L. (2007). Nothing Is as Practical as A good Theory: Social Learning Theory and the Treatment and Prevention of Delinquency. Hugh D. Bar Low & Scott H. Decker, Criminology and Public Policy: Putting Theory to Work (pp. 84-105). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. -----, ----. (2009). Social Learning & Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime & Deviance. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. -----, ----. (2012). Criminological Theories: Introduction & Evaluation. New York: Routledge. Akers, R. L., & Jennings, W. G. (2009). Social Learning Theory. J. Mitchell Miller, 21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook (pp. 323-331). Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Aliverdinia, A., & Habibi, M. (2016). The Study of University male Students Attitude towards Violence against Women in Family Context: An Empirical Test of Akers Social Learning Theory. Strategic Research on Social Problem in Iran, 11, 15-38. [Text in Persian] Aliverdinia, A., Riahi, M. E., & Esfandiari, F. (2010). Exploring University Female Student’s Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women: An Empirical Test of Social Learning Theory. Social Problems of Iran, 1, 103-131. [Text in Persian] Archer, J., & Graham-Kevan, N. (2003). Do Beliefs about Aggression Predict Physical Aggression to Partner?. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 41-54. Archer, J., &Haigh, A. (1997). Beliefs about Aggression among Male and Female Prisoners. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 405-415. Begrezaei, P. (2020). A Sociological Study of the Causes and Backgrounds of Domestic Violence against Women with Emphasis on Social Capital(A Case Study of Married Women in Ilam, Iran). the Women and Family Cultural Education, 49, 147-176. [Text in Persian] Bell, K. J. (2008). Intimate Partner Violence on Campus: A Test of Social Learning Theory. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Criminology. The School of Graduate Studies and Research. Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Berkel, L. A., Vandiver, B. J., &Bahner, A. D. (2004). Gender Role Attitudes, Religion, and Spirituality as Predictors of Domestic Violence Attitudes in White College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 119-133. Bhanet, S., & Senn, C. Y. (2007). Attitudes toward Violence against Women in Men of South Asian Ancestry: Are Acculturation and Gender Role Attitudes Important Factors?. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 25-31. Binahayati, B. (2011). Perceptions and Attitudes toward Violence against Wives in West Java, Indonesia. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Social Welfare. The School of Social Welfare. State University of New York. Bucheli, M., & Rossi, M. (2019). Attitudes toward Violence against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean. Sage Open, 9, 1-13. De Vaus, D. A. (2008). Surveys in Social Research (Translated by Nayebi, H.). Tehran: Nashre-Nay. [Text in Persian] Di Noia, J. (2000). Patriarchy and Violence against Women: A State-Level Analysis. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Justice. The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Columbia University. Ellsberg, M., &Heise, L. (2005). Researching Violence against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists. Geneva: World Health Organization. Ezazi, SH. (2005). Society Structure and Violence against Women. Social Welfare Quarterly, 14, 59-96. [Text in Persian] Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009). Factors Influencing to Violence against Women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10, 125-142. Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., & Fletcher, L. G. (1999). Family Violence and the Perpetration of Adolescent Dating Violence: Examining Social Learning and Social Control Processes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 331-342. Gharaibeh, M. K., Abu-Baker, N., &Aji, S. (2012). Attitudes toward and Justification for Wife Abuse among Syrian Medical and nursing Students. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 23, 297-305. Haghighinasab, M., & Hedayati, SH. (2005). The Portrayal of Gender Roles in Television Commercials on the IRlB. Women’s Studies Sociological and Psychological, 7, 33-50. [Text in Persian] Haj-Yahia, M. (1991). Perceptions about Wife-Beating and the Use of Different Conflict Tactics among Arab-Palestinian Engaged Males in Israel”. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Social Work. the School of Social Work. University of Minnesota. ------, ----. (2003). Beliefs about Wife Beating among Arab Men from Israel: the Influence of Their Patriarchal Ideology. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 193-206. -----, ----. (2010). Palestinian Physicians' Misconceptions about and Approval of Wife Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 416-442. Haj-Yahia, M., & Shen, A. C. (2015). Beliefs about Wife Beating among Social Work Students in Taiwan. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 59, 1-25. Haj-Yahia, M., & Uysal, A. (2008). Beliefs about Wife Beating among Medical Student from Turkey. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 119-133. -----, ----., & -----, ------. (2011). toward An Integrative Theoretical Framework for Explaining Beliefs about Wife Beating: A Study among Students of Nursing from Turkey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 1401-1431. Haj-yahia, M., Wilson, R. M., & Naqvi, S. M. (2012). Justification, Perception of Severity and Harm, and Criminalization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 1932-1958. Haj-Yahia, M., & Zaatut, A. (2018). Beliefs of Palestinian Women from Israel about the Responsibility and Punishment of Violent Husbands and about Helping Battered Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33, 442-467. Herzog, S. (2007). An Empirical Test of Feminist Theory and Research: the Effect of Heterogeneous Gender-Role Attitudes on Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence. Feminist Criminology, 2, 223-244. Jeistman, J. (2009). Attitudes of Criminal Justice and Other Majors toward the Crime of Stalking. PhD Dissertation. the Policing Department. The School of Criminology and Criminal Justice. University of Nebraska. Kantor, G. K., Jasinski, J. L., & Aldarondo, E. (1994). Sociocultural Status and Incidence of Marital Violence in Hispanic Families. Violence and Victims, 9, 207-222. Kardouni, R. (2016). Social Problems Atlas of Iran. Tehran: the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare. Kianpour, M., & Aslani, Sh. (2015). The Pattern of Display Gender Stereotypes in Television Advertisements. Women’s Studies Sociological and Psychological, 43, 171-202. [Text in Persian] Kordi, H., & Hosseini Nozari, A. (2015). Women’s Experiences of Sexual Harassment Types. Social Welfare Quarterly, 57, 7-30. [Text in Persian] Lobasz, J. K. (2012). Victims, Villains, and the Virtuous Constructing the Problems of “Human Trafficking”. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Gender, Women, & Sexuality Studies. The College of Liberal Arts Office of Information. University of Minnesota. Lahsaeizadeh, A., & Madani, Y. (2010). Husbands’ Attitudes Toward Violence against the Wives: A Case Study of Shiraz City. Sociology of Women (Journal of Women and Society), 1, 1-24. [Text in Persian] Maghsoodi, S. (2004). A Study of Women’s Roles in Children Story Books. Women in Development and Politics (Women’s Research), 3, 41-56. [Text in Persian] Mihalic, S. W., & Elliott, D. (1997). A Social Learning Theory Model of Marital Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 12, 21-47. Mirzaei, E., Mohammadi, F., & Faizollahi, A. (2020). Sociological Study on the Extent of Violence against Women in the Family and Its Effective Factors (Case Study: Kermanshah City). Women and Society, 43, 279-322. [Text in Persian] Mirzaei, R., Bokharaei, A., & Mohammadi, F. (2015). The attitude of Married Women toward Some Social Factors Affecting Wife Abuse in Paveh. Journal of Policing & Social Studies of Women & Family, 5, 129-144. [Text in Persian] Nabors, E., & Jasinski, J. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among College Students: The Role of Gender Roles and Gendered Violence Attitudes. Journal of Feminist Criminology, 4, 57-82. Nersisians, E. (2004). Anthropology of Gender (Translated by Norooz-Zadeh Chegini, B.). Tehran: Nashre Afkar. [Text in Persian] Obeid, N., Chang, D. F., & Ginges, J. (2010). Beliefs about Wife Beating: An Exploratory Study with Lebanese Students. Violence against Women, 166, 691-712. Pourgiv, F., & Zekavat, M. (2011). A Study of Gender Roles in “Khale Sooske”. Iranian Children’s Literature Studies, 2, 27-43. [Text in Persian] Price, L. E., Et Al. (1999). the Attitudes towards Dating Violence Scales: Development And Initial Validation. Journal of Family Violence, 14, 351-375. Ritzer, G. (2010). Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: the Basics (Translated by Mosammaparast, SH.). Tehran: Nashre-sales. [Text in Persian] Sadeghi, R., Vizheh, M., & Zanjari, N. (2017). Factors Associated with Domestic Violence against Women in Tehran. Research Journal on Social Work, 14, 37-66. [Text in Persian] Sadeghi Fasaei, S., & Kamel Ghalibaf, A. (2012). Domestic Violence Against Women and the Role of Police in terms of Responses to Violent Abuses. Cultural Studies & Communication, 26, 77-106. [Text in Persian] Sadeghi Fasaei, S., & Karimi, SH. (2005). Gender Stereotypes of Iranian TV Series in 2005. Women in Development & Politics (Women’s Research), 13, 59-89. [Text in Persian] Schwertscharf, J. (2001). Male Attitudes Towards Violence against Women. Master Thesis. The Department of Social Work. The College of Health and Human Services. California State University. Seo, H. (2006). Attitudes toward Wife Abuse in the Korean Immigrant Community in the United States. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Justice. The school of Social Work. The University of Denver. Siegel, L. (2008). Criminology Theories, Patterns, and Typologies. Lowell: Wadsworth Publishing. Sirisunyaluck, B. (2004). Understanding Wife Abuse in Urban Thailand: An Integrated Approach. PhD Dissertation. The Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work. The College of Arts and Sciences. Mississippi State University. Smith, M. D. (1990). Patriarchal Ideology and Wife Beating: A Test of A Feminist Hypothesis. Violence and Victims, 5, 257-273. Spence, J.T., & Helmreich, R. (1978). Masculinity and Femininity: Their Psychological Dimensions, Correlates and Antecedents. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Talebpour, A. (2018). Investigating Affecting Factors on Violence against Women with Emphases on Wife Abuse (Case Study: Ardebil Province). Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research, 11, 27-49. [Text in Persian] Tauasosi, T. (2010). Wife Abuse in Samoa. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Sociology. The School of Social Sciences. the University of Hawaii. Tavasouli, A., & Monirifar, S. (2010). A Sociological Study on the Effect of Social Economic Status of Violence against during Marital Life (Case Study: Employees and Staff of Azad University of Tehran). Journal of Family Research, 20, 441-454. [Text in Persian] Wareham, J., boots, D. P., & Chavez, J. M. (2009). A Test of Social Learning and Intergenerational Transmission among Batterers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 163-173. Yang, M., Beybutyan, A., Pina Rios, R., & Soria-Verde, M. (2021). Public Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women and Influential Factors in China & Spain. Anuario de Psichologia Juridica, 31, 101-108. Yazd-khasti, B., & Shiri, H. (2008). Patriarchy Values and Violence against Women. Women’s Studies Sociological and Psychological, 18, 55-79. [Text in Persian] Zaatut, A., & Haj-Yahia, M. (2016). Beliefs about Wife Beating among Palestinian Women from Israel: the Effect of Their Endorsement of Patriarchal Ideology. Feminism & Psychology, 0, 1-21. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Attitude, Violence against Women, Liberal Feminism, Social Learning | ||
مراجع | ||
ابوت، پاملا و والاس، کلر. (۱۳۹۰). جامعهشناسی زنان ،ترجمه منیژه نجم عراقی. تهران: نشر نی. (تاریخ انتشار به زبان اصلی، ۱۹۹۰)
اعزازی، شهلا. (1383). ساختار جامعه و خشونت علیه زنان، رفاه اجتماعی، ۴(14)،59- 96.
بگرضایی، پرویز. (۱۳۹۸). مطالعه جامعهشناختی علل و زمینههای بروز خشونت خانگی علیه زنان با تاکید بر سرمایه اجتماعی(مورد مطالعه: زنان متاهل شهر ایلام)، فرهنگی تربیتی زنان و خانواده، ۱۴(۴۹)،147- ۱۷۶.
پورگیو، فریده و ذکاوت، مسیح. (۱۳۸۹). بررسی نقشهای جنسیتی در «خاله سوسکه»، مطالعات ادبیات کودک، ۱(۲)،27- ۴۳.
توسلی، افسانه و منیریفر، سارا. (1388). مطالعه جامعهشناختی تاثیر پایگاه اقتصادی- اجتماعی بر خشونتدیدگی زنان در جریان زندگی زناشویی (مطالعه موردی کارمندان و کارکنان دانشگاه آزاد شهر تهران)، خانواده پژوهی، ۵(20)،441- 454.
حقیقینسب، منیژه و هدایتی، شهره. (۱۳۸۴). بررسی تصویرسازی نقش جنسیت در آگهیهای بازرگانی سیمای جمهوری اسلامی ایران، مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، ۳(۷)،33- ۵۰.
دواس، دی. ای. (1387). پیمایش در تحقیقات اجتماعی.ترجمه هوشنگ نایبی. تهران: نشر نی. (تاریخ انتشار به زبان اصلی، 1993)
ریتزر، جرج. (۱۳۸۹). مبانی نظریه جامعهشناختی معاصر و ریشههای کلاسیک آن .ترجمه شهناز مسمیپرست. تهران: نشر ثالث. (تاریخ انتشار به زبان اصلی، ۲۰۰۶)
صادقی، رسول؛ ویژه، مریم و زنجری، نسیبه. (۱۳۹۶). عوامل مرتبط با خشونت خانگی علیه زنان در تهران. پژوهشنامه مددکاری اجتماعی، ۴(۱۴)،37- ۶۶.
صادقیفسایی، سهیلا و کامل قالیباف، آتنا. (1391). فرهنگ خشونت خانگی علیه زنان با تاکید بر نقش پلیس در کاهش آن، مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات، 8(26)،77- 106.
صادقی فسایی، سهیلا و کریمی، شیوا. (1384). کلیشههای جنسیتی سریالهای تلویزیونی ایرانی (سال 1383)، زن در توسعه و سیاست (پژوهش زنان)، 3(13)،59- 89.
طالبپور، اکبر. (۱۳۹۶). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر خشونت خانگی با تاکید بر همسر آزاری (مطالعه موردی: مناطق شهری و روستایی استان اردبیل)، پژوهشهای جامعهشناسی معاصر، ۶(۱۱)،27- ۴۹.
علیوردینیا، اکبر و حبیبی، مرجان. (1394). بررسی نگرش دانشجویان پسر نسبت به خشونت علیه زنان در بستر خانواده: آزمون تجربی نظریه یادگیری اجتماعی ایکرز. پژوهشهای راهبردی امنیت و نظم اجتماعی، 4(11)،15- 38.
علیوردینیا، اکبر؛ ریاحی، محمد اسماعیل و اسفندیاری، فاطمه. (1389). تبیین نگرش دانشجویان دختر نسبت به خشونت علیه زنان: آزمون تجربی دیدگاه یادگیری اجتماعی، مسائل اجتماعی ایران، 1(1)،103- 13۱.
کردونی، روزبه. (۱۳۹۵). اطلس مسائل اجتماعی ایران، تهران: وزارت تعاون، کار و رفاه اجتماعی.
کردی، حسین و حسینی نوذری، سید علی اصغر. (1394). تجربه انواع آزار جنسی زنان. رفاه اجتماعی، 15(57)،7- 30.
کیانپور، مسعود و اسلانی، شهناز. (۱۳۹۴). الگوی نمایش کلیشههای جنسیتی در تبلیغات تلویزیونی سیما، مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، ۱۳(۲)،171- ۲۰۲.
لهساییزاده، عبدالعلی و مدنی، یوسف. (1389). گرایش شوهران به خشونت علیه همسران: مطالعه موردی شهر شیراز، زن و جامعه، 1(1)،1- 24.
مقصودی، سوده. (۱۳۸۳). بررسی نقش زن در داستانهای کودکان، زن در توسعه و سیاست (پژوهش زنان)، ۲(۳)،41- ۵۵.
میرزایی، ابراهیم؛ محمدی، فائزه و فیضاللهی، علی. (۱۳۹۹). مطالعه جامعهشناختی میزان خشونت علیه زنان در خانواده و عوامل مؤثر بر آن (مطالعه موردی: شهر کرمانشاه)، زن و جامعه، ۱۱(۴۳)،279- ۳۲۲.
میرزایی، رحمت؛ بخارایی، احمد و محمدی، فائزه. (1394). نگرش زنان متاهل نسبت به برخی عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر همسر آزاری، پژوهشهای انتظامی- اجتماعی زنان و خانواده، 3(2)،129- 144.
نرسیسیانس، امیلیا. (۱۳۸۳). مردمشناسی جنسیت.ترجمه بهمن نوروز زاده چگینی. تهران: نشر افکار.
یزدخواستی، بهجت و شیری، حامد. (1387). ارزش پدرسالاری و خشونت علیه زنان، مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 6(18)،55- ۷۹.
Abbott, P., & Wallace, C. (2011). An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives (Translated by Najm Eraghi, M.). Tehran: Nashre-Nay. [Text in Persian]
Akers, R. L. (2007). Nothing Is as Practical as A good Theory: Social Learning Theory and the Treatment and Prevention of Delinquency. Hugh D. Bar Low & Scott H. Decker, Criminology and Public Policy: Putting Theory to Work (pp. 84-105). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
-----, ----. (2009). Social Learning & Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime & Deviance. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
-----, ----. (2012). Criminological Theories: Introduction & Evaluation. New York: Routledge.
Akers, R. L., & Jennings, W. G. (2009). Social Learning Theory. J. Mitchell Miller, 21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook (pp. 323-331). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Aliverdinia, A., & Habibi, M. (2016). The Study of University male Students Attitude towards Violence against Women in Family Context: An Empirical Test of Akers Social Learning Theory. Strategic Research on Social Problem in Iran, 11, 15-38. [Text in Persian]
Aliverdinia, A., Riahi, M. E., & Esfandiari, F. (2010). Exploring University Female Student’s Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women: An Empirical Test of Social Learning Theory. Social Problems of Iran, 1, 103-131. [Text in Persian]
Archer, J., & Graham-Kevan, N. (2003). Do Beliefs about Aggression Predict Physical Aggression to Partner?. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 41-54.
Archer, J., &Haigh, A. (1997). Beliefs about Aggression among Male and Female Prisoners. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 405-415.
Begrezaei, P. (2020). A Sociological Study of the Causes and Backgrounds of Domestic Violence against Women with Emphasis on Social Capital(A Case Study of Married Women in Ilam, Iran). the Women and Family Cultural Education, 49, 147-176. [Text in Persian]
Bell, K. J. (2008). Intimate Partner Violence on Campus: A Test of Social Learning Theory. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Criminology. The School of Graduate Studies and Research. Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
Berkel, L. A., Vandiver, B. J., &Bahner, A. D. (2004). Gender Role Attitudes, Religion, and Spirituality as Predictors of Domestic Violence Attitudes in White College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 119-133.
Bhanet, S., & Senn, C. Y. (2007). Attitudes toward Violence against Women in Men of South Asian Ancestry: Are Acculturation and Gender Role Attitudes Important Factors?. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 25-31.
Binahayati, B. (2011). Perceptions and Attitudes toward Violence against Wives in West Java, Indonesia. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Social Welfare. The School of Social Welfare. State University of New York.
Bucheli, M., & Rossi, M. (2019). Attitudes toward Violence against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean. Sage Open, 9, 1-13.
De Vaus, D. A. (2008). Surveys in Social Research (Translated by Nayebi, H.). Tehran: Nashre-Nay. [Text in Persian]
Di Noia, J. (2000). Patriarchy and Violence against Women: A State-Level Analysis. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Justice. The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Columbia University.
Ellsberg, M., &Heise, L. (2005). Researching Violence against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Ezazi, SH. (2005). Society Structure and Violence against Women. Social Welfare Quarterly, 14, 59-96. [Text in Persian]
Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009). Factors Influencing to Violence against Women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10, 125-142.
Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., & Fletcher, L. G. (1999). Family Violence and the Perpetration of Adolescent Dating Violence: Examining Social Learning and Social Control Processes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 331-342.
Gharaibeh, M. K., Abu-Baker, N., &Aji, S. (2012). Attitudes toward and Justification for Wife Abuse among Syrian Medical and nursing Students. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 23, 297-305.
Haghighinasab, M., & Hedayati, SH. (2005). The Portrayal of Gender Roles in Television Commercials on the IRlB. Women’s Studies Sociological and Psychological, 7, 33-50. [Text in Persian]
Haj-Yahia, M. (1991). Perceptions about Wife-Beating and the Use of Different Conflict Tactics among Arab-Palestinian Engaged Males in Israel”. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Social Work. the School of Social Work. University of Minnesota.
------, ----. (2003). Beliefs about Wife Beating among Arab Men from Israel: the Influence of Their Patriarchal Ideology. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 193-206.
-----, ----. (2010). Palestinian Physicians' Misconceptions about and Approval of Wife Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 416-442.
Haj-Yahia, M., & Shen, A. C. (2015). Beliefs about Wife Beating among Social Work Students in Taiwan. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 59, 1-25.
Haj-Yahia, M., & Uysal, A. (2008). Beliefs about Wife Beating among Medical Student from Turkey. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 119-133.
-----, ----., & -----, ------. (2011). toward An Integrative Theoretical Framework for Explaining Beliefs about Wife Beating: A Study among Students of Nursing from Turkey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 1401-1431.
Haj-yahia, M., Wilson, R. M., & Naqvi, S. M. (2012). Justification, Perception of Severity and Harm, and Criminalization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 1932-1958.
Haj-Yahia, M., & Zaatut, A. (2018). Beliefs of Palestinian Women from Israel about the Responsibility and Punishment of Violent Husbands and about Helping Battered Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33, 442-467.
Herzog, S. (2007). An Empirical Test of Feminist Theory and Research: the Effect of Heterogeneous Gender-Role Attitudes on Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence. Feminist Criminology, 2, 223-244.
Jeistman, J. (2009). Attitudes of Criminal Justice and Other Majors toward the Crime of Stalking. PhD Dissertation. the Policing Department. The School of Criminology and Criminal Justice. University of Nebraska.
Kantor, G. K., Jasinski, J. L., & Aldarondo, E. (1994). Sociocultural Status and Incidence of Marital Violence in Hispanic Families. Violence and Victims, 9, 207-222.
Kardouni, R. (2016). Social Problems Atlas of Iran. Tehran: the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare.
Kianpour, M., & Aslani, Sh. (2015). The Pattern of Display Gender Stereotypes in Television Advertisements. Women’s Studies Sociological and Psychological, 43, 171-202. [Text in Persian]
Kordi, H., & Hosseini Nozari, A. (2015). Women’s Experiences of Sexual Harassment Types. Social Welfare Quarterly, 57, 7-30. [Text in Persian]
Lobasz, J. K. (2012). Victims, Villains, and the Virtuous Constructing the Problems of “Human Trafficking”. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Gender, Women, & Sexuality Studies. The College of Liberal Arts Office of Information. University of Minnesota.
Lahsaeizadeh, A., & Madani, Y. (2010). Husbands’ Attitudes Toward Violence against the Wives: A Case Study of Shiraz City. Sociology of Women (Journal of Women and Society), 1, 1-24. [Text in Persian]
Maghsoodi, S. (2004). A Study of Women’s Roles in Children Story Books. Women in Development and Politics (Women’s Research), 3, 41-56. [Text in Persian]
Mihalic, S. W., & Elliott, D. (1997). A Social Learning Theory Model of Marital Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 12, 21-47.
Mirzaei, E., Mohammadi, F., & Faizollahi, A. (2020). Sociological Study on the Extent of Violence against Women in the Family and Its Effective Factors (Case Study: Kermanshah City). Women and Society, 43, 279-322. [Text in Persian]
Mirzaei, R., Bokharaei, A., & Mohammadi, F. (2015). The attitude of Married Women toward Some Social Factors Affecting Wife Abuse in Paveh. Journal of Policing & Social Studies of Women & Family, 5, 129-144. [Text in Persian]
Nabors, E., & Jasinski, J. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among College Students: The Role of Gender Roles and Gendered Violence Attitudes. Journal of Feminist Criminology, 4, 57-82.
Nersisians, E. (2004). Anthropology of Gender (Translated by Norooz-Zadeh Chegini, B.). Tehran: Nashre Afkar. [Text in Persian]
Obeid, N., Chang, D. F., & Ginges, J. (2010). Beliefs about Wife Beating: An Exploratory Study with Lebanese Students. Violence against Women, 166, 691-712.
Pourgiv, F., & Zekavat, M. (2011). A Study of Gender Roles in “Khale Sooske”. Iranian Children’s Literature Studies, 2, 27-43. [Text in Persian]
Price, L. E., Et Al. (1999). the Attitudes towards Dating Violence Scales: Development And Initial Validation. Journal of Family Violence, 14, 351-375.
Ritzer, G. (2010). Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: the Basics (Translated by Mosammaparast, SH.). Tehran: Nashre-sales. [Text in Persian]
Sadeghi, R., Vizheh, M., & Zanjari, N. (2017). Factors Associated with Domestic Violence against Women in Tehran. Research Journal on Social Work, 14, 37-66. [Text in Persian]
Sadeghi Fasaei, S., & Kamel Ghalibaf, A. (2012). Domestic Violence Against Women and the Role of Police in terms of Responses to Violent Abuses. Cultural Studies & Communication, 26, 77-106. [Text in Persian]
Sadeghi Fasaei, S., & Karimi, SH. (2005). Gender Stereotypes of Iranian TV Series in 2005. Women in Development & Politics (Women’s Research), 13, 59-89. [Text in Persian]
Schwertscharf, J. (2001). Male Attitudes Towards Violence against Women. Master Thesis. The Department of Social Work. The College of Health and Human Services. California State University.
Seo, H. (2006). Attitudes toward Wife Abuse in the Korean Immigrant Community in the United States. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Justice. The school of Social Work. The University of Denver.
Siegel, L. (2008). Criminology Theories, Patterns, and Typologies. Lowell: Wadsworth Publishing.
Sirisunyaluck, B. (2004). Understanding Wife Abuse in Urban Thailand: An Integrated Approach. PhD Dissertation. The Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work. The College of Arts and Sciences. Mississippi State University.
Smith, M. D. (1990). Patriarchal Ideology and Wife Beating: A Test of A Feminist Hypothesis. Violence and Victims, 5, 257-273.
Spence, J.T., & Helmreich, R. (1978). Masculinity and Femininity: Their Psychological Dimensions, Correlates and Antecedents. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Talebpour, A. (2018). Investigating Affecting Factors on Violence against Women with Emphases on Wife Abuse (Case Study: Ardebil Province). Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research, 11, 27-49. [Text in Persian]
Tauasosi, T. (2010). Wife Abuse in Samoa. PhD Dissertation. the Department of Sociology. The School of Social Sciences. the University of Hawaii.
Tavasouli, A., & Monirifar, S. (2010). A Sociological Study on the Effect of Social Economic Status of Violence against during Marital Life (Case Study: Employees and Staff of Azad University of Tehran). Journal of Family Research, 20, 441-454. [Text in Persian]
Wareham, J., boots, D. P., & Chavez, J. M. (2009). A Test of Social Learning and Intergenerational Transmission among Batterers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 163-173.
Yang, M., Beybutyan, A., Pina Rios, R., & Soria-Verde, M. (2021). Public Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women and Influential Factors in China & Spain. Anuario de Psichologia Juridica, 31, 101-108.
Yazd-khasti, B., & Shiri, H. (2008). Patriarchy Values and Violence against Women. Women’s Studies Sociological and Psychological, 18, 55-79. [Text in Persian]
Zaatut, A., & Haj-Yahia, M. (2016). Beliefs about Wife Beating among Palestinian Women from Israel: the Effect of Their Endorsement of Patriarchal Ideology. Feminism & Psychology, 0, 1-21.
| ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 652 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 520 |