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چگونگی بازنمایی دستگاه «ساعت فیلی» در نسخه‌های خطی کتاب بدیع‌الزمان جزری | ||
| مبانی نظری هنرهای تجسمی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 01 شهریور 1401 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jtpva.2021.37084.1325 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
محمد خراسانی زاده1؛ خشایار قاضی زاده   2؛ مرتضی افشاری2؛ احمد عابدینی3
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| 1دانشجوی دکترای رشته پژوهش هنر، گرایش تاریخ تطبیقی و تحلیلی هنر اسلامی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه شاهد، شهر تهران، جمهوری اسلامی ایران | ||
| 2گروه هنر اسلامی، دانشکده هنر دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3گروه طراحی صنعتی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه الزهرا(س)، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بدیع‌الزمان جزری، یکی از مهم‌ترین دانشمندان و هنرمندان «صناعت‌الحیَل» است که عرصه علمی و هنری تولید محصولات کارآمد، مفید و اعجاب‌انگیز در دوران خود بوده است. ساعت فیلی، نمونه‌ای از محصولات طراحی‌شده توسط اوست که هدف اصلی پژوهش، معرفی و مطالعه بازنمایی‌های این دستگاه در نسخه‌های خطی کتاب جزری است. سئوالات پژوهش این است که ساعت فیلی در نسخه‌های خطی کتاب جزری چگونه بازنمایی شده است؟ این مصورسازی‌ها از لحاظ هنری چه ویژگی‌هایی دارند؟ نسخه‌های خطی کتاب جزری از لحاظ تصویرسازی، چه وضعیتی دارند؟ روش پژوهش، توصیفی تحلیلی است و طی آن، داده‌های کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری و مصورسازی‌های 24 نسخه خطی بررسی شده و از لحاظ کمیّت و کیفیت هنری مصورسازی‌ها ارزیابی گردید. سپس 11 مورد از شکل اصلی دستگاه ساعت فیلی به نمایش درآمده و طبق شاخصه‌هایی مطالعه و تحلیل شد. نهایتا می‌توان گفت 8 نمونه از این تصاویر، نگارگری و سه نمونه دیگر صرفا مصورسازی هستند. همچنین 3 نمونه از این تصاویر در مکتب بین‌المللی عباسی و 3 نسخه دیگر در مکتب نگارگری مغولان هند تعریف شده و مابقی فاقد مکتب هنری هستند. در کنار این تحلیل‌ها، بهره‌گیری جزری از بسیاری از نشانه‌ها و نمادهای جهانی، از قبیل فیل هندی، اژدهای چینی، عقاب مصری، فرش ایرانی در یک محصول کاملا پیش‌رفته و مترقی، نشان‌گر وجود فرایند طراحی محصول است که مسیر کار جزری را از تفکر صرفا مهندسی فراتر برده و به مفهومی که امروزه تحت عنوان طراحی صنعتی می‌شناسیم، نزدیک‌تر می‌نماید. همچنین 4 نسخه خطی جدید از کتاب جزری، برای نخستین‌بار در این مقاله معرفی گردید. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| مصورسازی؛ ساعت فیلی؛ بدیع الزمان جزری؛ صناعت الحیل؛ طراحی محصول | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| How to "Elephant Water Clock" Representation in the Manuscripts of the Book of Badi' al-Zaman Jazari | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammad Khorasanizadeh1؛ Khashayar Ghazizadeh2؛ Morteza Afshari2؛ Ahmad Abedini3 | ||
| 1Ph.D. student of comparative and analytical history of Islamic art, Faculty of Arts, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R.Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Islamic Arts, Faculty of Arts, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3, Faculty of Art, Alzahra University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Badi 'al-Zaman Abu al-'Izz ibn Isma'il ibn Razzaz al-Jazari is a Muslim scholar of the sixth century AH who spent the last three decades of his life in the region of Diyarbakir (ancient Amidia) in Turkey during the reign of three rulers of the Artuqid dynasty and in 602 AH Is dead. He had the title of "Chief of Operations", which meant Chief of Engineers. He is one of the most important scientists and artists of " Sina'at al-Hiyal " who has been in the scientific and artistic field of producing efficient, useful and, of course, wonderful products in his time. Jazari was an inventor and has written a description of his innovations and the development of the innovations of his predecessors in an engineering and artistic way in his book entitled "Al-Jami' Bayn al-'Ilm wa al-'Amal al-Nafi' fi Sina'at al-Hiyal (A Compendium on the Theory and Useful Practice of the Mechanical Arts)". Numerous manuscripts of this book are kept in libraries around the world. Before this research, 20 copies of it were officially introduced by Iranian researchers, and in this research, 4 more copies are introduced for the first time. This book, with other titles such as "Fi Ma'rifat al-Hiyal al-Handasiyya", "Aja'ib al-Sana'ei" and "Kitab al-Hiyal", is apparently the only book left from Jazari, and has 50 automatic devices invented or completed by him, in 6 groups Introduced and illustrated. One of the most practical fields of science in Islamic civilization is the field called " Sina'at al-Hiyal" which is the science of thinking and finding solutions to meet the various needs of life; From the design of timepieces to solutions for easy water abstraction from wells and springs, to the construction of equipment needed in medicine and dozens of other applications, all are defined in the field of " Sina'at al-Hiyal". Although due to the existence of various mechanisms in the devices, this science has been considered close to mechanical engineering and most of those who have done research in the field of " Sina'at al-Hiyal" have been mechanical engineers, but in many ways, at least " Sina'at al-Hiyal" which is more artistic It can be considered as a part of the product design background (industrial design) that by using art and creativity, has identified the needs well and provided appropriate answers for them. Of course, the science of mechanics has been used in the implementation of these projects, as today in the implementation of many projects of industrial designers, technical teams consisting of various specialists, including mechanical and electrical engineers and industries, etc. are present.Elephant water clock is an example of products designed by Jazari that is of special importance and is considered as one of the manifestations of the progress of science and technology in Islamic civilization. This device is an automatic water clock that could display and announce time along with symbolic functions, before the advent of clock hands. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and there is a partial comparative approach in the study of samples. During this article, the collected library data and manuscripts of Jazari book have been observed and described and based on these data, analysis and study have been done. The study population of this study is all known manuscripts of the book "Fi Ma'rifat al-Hiyal al-Handasiyya", which led to the identification of new versions of this book. The illustrations of the original shape of the elephant water clock in these versions were examined as much as possible. Out of 24 manuscripts, 11 had the mentioned image, 9 copies were definitively devoid of this shape, and the status of the other 4 copies remained unclear in this regard because did not have the necessary access to determine the presence or absence of this image in them. In the next step, 11 images of the elephant water clock were displayed and analyzed, and by presenting a summary of its illustration in the form of a table, a kind of comparative study was performed. In general, it can be said that 8 examples of this image are paintings with good, average and poor qualities, and the other three examples can only be called illustrations. Also, 3 examples of these images can be defined in the Abbasi International School (Baghdad school), two of which were depicted in the workshop of the court of the Artuqid and the other one in the workshop of the Mamluks. The other 3 copies can be attributed to the style of Indian Mongol painting. It is "Sina'at al-Hyial" that, in addition to the mechanical functions of the product, pays attention to the user interface, user experience, aesthetics, identity and symbolization. This study showed that the international language of Jazari in designing a leading clock in his time, as a scientific achievement, showed the superiority of Muslims, and its installation in the city of Diyarbakir, which is a destination for foreign businessmen and ambassadors, could be a sign of domination of Muslims over other nations. The nations whose symbols were used, namely India, China, Egypt and Iran, were in fact the greatest nations of the civilized world at that time, and in a way, showed the scientific, political and cultural superiority of Islam over these nations. It can be said that the use of many signs and symbols of the world by Jazari, such as the Indian elephant, the Chinese dragon, the Egyptian eagle, the Persian carpet in a completely advanced and progressive product in its time, indicates the existence of product design process in Jazari work, and brings it transcends engineering and closer to the concept we know today as industrial design. During this research, a new recognition of the concept of science was introduced, which was previously known more in terms of engineering and design of mechanisms. However, in this study, a clear boundary between science and technology was introduced, which redefined the creative and design aspects of the field of technology in the industry and introduced it in the field of scientific and artistic process of product design and as a documentary background of industrial design. .This device is so important that it is currently used as a sign of the progress of science and technology in Islamic civilization. Therefore, it is suggested that art researchers, and especially industrial designers, research the artistic and cultural dimensions of the modern devices of the tidal system and introduce this distinguished artistic and scientific figure in a more appropriate way. Also, paying attention to the artistic aspects of product design in the works of Jazri and other artists in the field of Al-Hail industry in Islamic civilization, can be very useful and instructive for recognizing this glorious scientific and artistic background. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| illustration, elephant water clock, Badi’ al-Zaman Jazari, Sina'at al-Hiyal, Product Design | ||
| مراجع | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 66 |
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