پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 962 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,978 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 13,519,455 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 9,597,455 |
تأثیر شکاف جنسیتی بر کارآفرینی زنان در کشورهای منتخب | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 19، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 68، مهر 1400، صفحه 113-146 اصل مقاله (532.57 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2021.35287.2403 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| ابوالفضل شاه آبادی* 1؛ بهناز خوش طینت2؛ سمیه بختیاری خویگانی3 | ||
| 1(نویسندۀ مسئول) استاد گروه اقتصاد دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران. a.shahabadi@alzahra.ac.ir | ||
| 2استادیارگروه مدیریت، واحد بوئین زهرا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوئین زهرا، ایران B.khoshtinat@buiniau.ac.ir | ||
| 3دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد مدیریت کارآفرینی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات. somayehbk2009@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| موفقیت زنان کارآفرین سبب سود اقتصادی جوامع می‌شود، حتی منافع اجتماعی و فرهنگی زیادی هم نصیب آن‌ها می‌کند. اما، شکاف جنسیتی موجود در شئون مختلف زندگی اجتماعی از جمله اقتصاد، آموزش، سلامت و سیاست باعث شده زنان فرصتهای کمتری برای کارآفرینی و نقش‌آفرینی در فرایند توسعه جوامع داشته باشند. در این راستا، تحقیق حاضر با استفاده از رهیافت دادههای تابلویی و به روش گشتاورهای تعمیمیافته، تأثیر شکافهای جنسیتی اقتصادی، آموزشی، سلامتی و سیاسی را بر کارآفرینی زنان به‌عنوان عالیترین نوع مشارکت اقتصادی آنان در فرایند توسعه در دو گروه از کشورهای منتخب درحال توسعه و توسعهیافته طی دوره 2019-2011 بررسی نموده است. نتایج برآوردی نشان داد شکافهای جنسیتی اقتصادی، آموزشی، سلامتی و سیاسی بر کارآفرینی زنان در هر دو گروه از کشورهای منتخب درحال توسعه و توسعهیافته با ضرایب تخمینی متفاوت تأثیر منفی و معناداری دارد. بهعلاوه، بررسی تأثیر دیگر متغیرهای مدل بر کارآفرینی زنان نشان داد میزان باروری تأثیر منفی و معنادار و توسعه مالی و توسعه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات تأثیر مثبت و معنادار بر کارآفرینی زنان دارند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کارآفرینی زنان؛ شکاف جنسیتی اقتصادی؛ شکاف جنسیتی آموزشی؛ شکاف جنسیتی سلامتی؛ شکاف جنسیتی سیاسی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Effect of Gender Gap on Women Entrepreneurship in Selected Countries | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Abolfazl Shahabadi1؛ Behnaz Khoshtinat2؛ Somayeh Bakhtiari Khoyegani3 | ||
| 1(Corresponding Author) Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Social Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran a.shahabadi@alzahra.ac.ir | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Buinzahra Branch, Islamic Azad University, Buinzahra, Iran.B.khoshtinat@buiniau.ac.ir | ||
| 3M.A in Entrepreneurship Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University. somayehbk2009@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The success of women entrepreneurs not only brings economic benefits to communities but also has many social and cultural benefits. However, the gender gap in various aspects of social life, including economics, education, health, and politics, has given women have fewer opportunities for entrepreneurship and role-playing in the community development process. In this regard, the present study uses the panel data approach and the generalized method of moments (GMM) to investigate the effect of economic, educational, health and political gender gaps on women's entrepreneurship as the highest type of their economic participation in the development process in two groups of developing and developed selected countries during the period 2017-2019. The results showed that economic, educational, health and political gender gaps with different estimated coefficients have a negative and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of developing and developed selected countries. In addition, the study of the effect of other model variables on women's entrepreneurship showed that the fertility rate has a negative and significant effect and financial development and development of information and communication technology have a positive and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship. Introduction Most of the studies focusing on identifying the determinants of women's entrepreneurship focus on the impact of personal factors and personality and behavioral characteristics and the effect of environmental factors such as gender inequality due to social, political and economic structure on it are less studied. Hence; the present study, with a comparative approach and by using econometric methods, tried to review and determine the influence of four aspects of the gender gap, including economic, educational, health and political gender gap, on women entrepreneurship in two groups of selected developing and developed countries in the period 2011-2019. Explaining that the "selected countries are made up of 28 developing countries as a sample group and 26 developed countries as a control group, which according to empirical evidence, developing countries face more gender discrimination and less female entrepreneurship." Conversely, developed countries see less gender discrimination and more women entrepreneurship. Of course, the existence of required data to study the subject and access to them also played a role in selecting the countries to be studied. Research Methodology The present research is applied-developmental from the perspective of purpose. In terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-analytical. In terms of “research conduction”, it has used multivariate regression analysis, panel data approach, generalized method of moments and Stata software to estimate the effect of the gender gap on women's entrepreneurship. The necessary information for laying the theoretical foundations and reviewing the research background by the documentary method has been collected by referring to domestic and foreign books, articles and dissertations. Experimental data of research variables are also secondary statistics. The research model is a dynamic panel data type Results Based on the results of estimating the impact of the economic gender gap, educational gender gap, health gender gap, political gender gap and fertility rate on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries are negative and significant. Also, based on the results of estimating the impact of financial development, information and communication technology development and the intermittent dependent variable (women's entrepreneurship in the previous year) on women's entrepreneurship is positive and significant. Discuss The effect of the economic gender gap on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries is negative and significant. Because one of the main reasons for the failure of entrepreneurs is the inadequacy of their financial capital and the widening of the economic gender gap by depriving women of equal opportunities to get a decent job and income, as well as creating obstacles to the use of credit and payment facilities by financial institutions declined financial capacity of women entrepreneurs and increased their dependence on men and their entrepreneurial power has decreased. The effect of the gender education gap on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries is negative and significant. Because gender education gap increase by reducing the women’s opportunities to achieve high educational levels and other educational courses will decrease their skills and abilities to properly understand business opportunities and use perceived opportunities to create new businesses and entrepreneurship. At the same time, increasing the gender gap in education has increased the inability of women to control and self-govern economic resources and reduce the return on their physical capital and reduce their entrepreneurial power. The effect of the gender health gap on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries is negative and significant. Because women's health includes their physical, mental, social, cultural, emotional and spiritual well-being, increasing the gender gap in health and survival reduces physical and mental strength, reduces life expectancy, reduces savings and capital motivation of women and entrepreneurship of them. The effect of the political gender gap on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries is negative and significant. Because increasing the political gender gap means reducing the influence of women on the choice of leaders, policies and public administration at the local and national levels, which has led to increasing disregard for women's rights in the relevant laws and regulations and reduced social opportunities, jobs and entrepreneurship of them. The effect of the fertility rate on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries is negative and significant. Because increasing fertility rates reduce women's leisure time to engage in economic activities outside the home and reduce their ability to be entrepreneurs. The impact of financial development on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries is positive and significant. Because easy and low-cost access of entrepreneur women to the credits and facilities of the financial sector has been accompanied by providing a deficit of financial resources and solving their liquidity problem, and has reduced production costs and increased the profitability of women entrepreneurial businesses. The impact of information and communication technology development on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of selected countries is positive and significant. Because the development of information and communication technology by facilitating women's access to broadband Internet, receiving digital education and easy access to government services has helped to create new job opportunities and reduced business and sales costs and increased the tendency, passion and ability of women for entrepreneurship. The effect of the intermittent dependent variable (women's entrepreneurship in the previous year) on women's entrepreneurship is positive and significant, which is consistent with theoretical foundations. Because, the increase in women's entrepreneurship in the previous period indicates a suitable context for this work, the extension of these favourable conditions to the next period has led to an increase in women's entrepreneurship again. Therefore, it is proposed to create equal educational opportunities for women, facilitate women's access to financial facilities, pay micro-facilities to small businesses with women management, support women's trade unions and reform the payment system in proportion to the benefits regardless of gender to reduce the gender economic gap and create a conducive environment for women's economic participation. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Women Entrepreneurship, Economic Gender Gap, Educational Gender Gap, Health Gender Gap, Political Gender Gap | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
احمدی، وکیل. (1392). تغییر نگرش نسبت به نابرابری جنسیتی در طی فرایند گذار جمعیتی. جامعهشناسی کاربردی، 24(3)،15- 34. جنیدی، مریم و کبیری رنانی، محبوبه. (1398). نقش زنان در تحقق الگوی اسلامی- ایرانی پیشرفت: ظرفیت‌ها و موانع. فصلنامه انجمن مطالعات سیاسی حوزه، 7(25)،257- 284. خسرویپور، بهمن؛ آنی، نادیا؛ آجیلی، عبدالعظیم و عبدشاهی، عباس. (1399). عوامل موثر بر توسعه و موانع بازدارنده کارآفرینی زنان روستایی. فصلنامه زن و فرهنگ، 11(44)،61-70. دهمرده، نظر و براهوئی، محبوبه. (1394). تأثیرگذاری توسعه مالی بر توسعه کارآفرینی و نوآوری. اولین کنفرانس بینالمللی اقتصاد، مدیریت، حسابداری، علوم اجتماعی، مشهد: انجمن مدیریت ایران و گروه پژوهشی اترک دانش، 26 بهمن ماه. ربیعی، علی و سرابی، سولماز. (1392). بررسی تأثیر سرمایه اجتماعی و ابعاد آن بر کارآفرینی زنان (مطالعه موردی، انجمن زنان مدیر کارآفرین). فصلنامه مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی-فرهنگی، 1(4)،33- 67. رضایی، نسا؛ ارشادی، محمدجواد و باقری حسین‌آبادی، رضا. (1399). ارزیابی تأثیر عوامل فرهنگی و اجتماعی بر کارآفرینی زنان در خانه‌های کارآفرینی شهرداری تهران. فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 18(4)، 33-68. سلاطین، پروانه و رستمی، سمانه. (1397). تأثیر باروری بر نرخ مشارکت زنان در گروه کشورهای منتخب: رهیافت دادههای پانل. فصلنامه زن و مطالعات خانواده، 11(41)،7- 22. سوختانلو، مجتبی. (1396). تحلیل تفاوت‌های جنسیتی بر تمایل به کارآفرینی دانشجویان کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی). فصلنامه راهبردهای کارآفرینی در کشاورزی، 4(8)،13- 22. سیدامیری، نادر؛کاملی، علیرضا؛ مرادی، سمیه و واشقانی فراهانی، هادی. (1394). بررسی تأثیر سرمایه اجتماعی بر کارآفرینی زنان در شهر ایلام با توجه به نقش میانجی نوآوری. فصلنامه مدیریت سرمایه اجتماعی، 2(3)،415- 434. علیقلی، منصوره. (1395). رابطه نیروی کار زنان و توسعه اقتصادی کشورهای اسلامی. فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 14(2)،63-86. کمایی، رها و افشاری، زهرا. (1396). عوامل تعیینکننده مشارکت زنان در نیروی کار در کشورهای منتخب (تحلیل پنل). فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 15(1)،41- 72. گیدنز، آنتونی. (1385). جامعهشناسی. ترجمه محسن صبوری. تهران: نشر نی. ممیز، آیتاله؛ قاسمی، سیده عاطفه و قاسمی، سیده فاطمه. (1392). بررسی عوامل موثر در توسعه کارآفرینی زنان. فصلنامه رشد فناوری، 9(35)،15-22. موحدی، رضا و یعقوبی فراهانی، احمد. (1393). تحلیل عوامل موثر بر کارآفرینی زنان روستایی. فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 12(4)،7-42. Ademola, A. O. (2013). Performance impact of information and communication technology (ICTs) on women entrepreneurs in South-Western Nigeria. Elixir International Journal, 65, 19905-19909. Ahmadi, V. (2013). Changes in attitude towards gender inequality in the process of demographic transition. Journal of Applied Sociology, 24(3), 15–34. [Text in Persian] Aligholi, M. (2016). The relationship between women's participation in the workforce and economic development in Islamic countries. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Social & Psychological, 14(2), 63-86. [Text in Persian] Arora, S. (2014). Gender inequality in entrepreneurship- a growing concern. Advances in Economics and Business Management, 1(3), 147-150. Bastian, B. L., Metcalfe, B. D. & Zali, M. R. (2019). Gender inequality: Entrepreneurship development in the MENA region. Sustainability, 11(22), 1-26. Bayero, M. A. (2015). Effects of cashless economy policy on financial inclusion in Nigeria: An exploratory study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172(1), 49-56. Bertay, A. C., Dordevic, L. & Sever, C. (2020). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: Evidence from Industry-Level Data. IMF Working Paper, WP/20/119. Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on women business owners; past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(4), 5-30. Dahmarde, N. & Brahui, M. (2015). The impact of financial development on entrepreneurship development and innovation. The First International Conference on Economics, Management, Accounting, Social Sciences, Mashhad: Iran Management Association and Atrak Danesh Research Group, February 17th. [Text in Persian] Dutta, N. & Mallick, S. (2018). Enabling women entrepreneurs: Exploring factors that mitigate the negative impact of fertility rates on female entrepreneurship. Kyklos, 71(3), 402-432. Fareed, F., Gabriel, M., Lenain, P. & Reynaud, J. (2017). Financial inclusion and women entrepreneurship: Evidence from Mexico. OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1411. Giddens, A. (2006). The sociology. Published by: Pluto Press. Holcombe, R. G. (2003). The origins of entrepreneurial opportunities. The Review of Austrian Economics, 16(1), 25–43. Ilie, C., Monfort, A., Fornes, G. & Cardoza, G. (2021). Promoting female entrepreneurship: The impact of gender gap beliefs and perceptions. SAGE Open, https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211018468. Inthiyaz, K. & Jayamma, B. (2017). Impact of ICT on women entrepreneurs: A literature review. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 7(2), 185-188. Joneydi, M. & Kabiri Rwnani, M. (2019). The role of women in realizing the Islamic-Iranian model of progress: Capacities and barriers. Transcendent Policy, 7(25), 257-284. [Text in Persian] Khosravipour, B., Ani, N., Ajili A. & Abdeshahi, A. (2020). Development affecting factors and inhibitors on rural women entrepreneurship. Journal of Women and Culture, 12(44), 61-70. [Text in Persian] Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Komaee, R. & Afshari, Z. (2017). The determinants of female labour force participation in selected countries (a panel data analysis). Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Social & Psychological, 15(1), 49-72. [Text in Persian] Lock, R. & Smith, H. L. (2016). The impact of female entrepreneurship on economic growth in Kenya. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 90-96. Meunier, F., Krylova Y. & Ramalho, R. (2017). Women’s entrepreneurship, how to measure the gap between new female and male entrepreneurs? Policy Research Working Paper 8242. Mivehchi, L. (2019). The role of information technology in women entrepreneurship (the case of e-retailing in Iran). Procedia Computer Science, 158, 508-512. Momayez, A., Ghasemi, S. A. & Ghasemi, S. F. (2013). Factors affecting women entrepreneurship in business. Technology Development, 9(35), 15-22. [Text in Persian] Movahedi, R. & Yaqubi Farahani, A. (2015). The sociological study of the attitudes toward mehr among Alameh University students. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Social & Psychological, 12(4), 7-42. [Text in Persian] Rabiee, A. & Sarabi, S. (2013). Investigating the impact of social capital and Its dimensions on women's entrepreneurship (case study, women entrepreneur manager association). Quarterly Journal of Socio-Cultural Development Studies, 1(4), 33-67. [Text in Persian] Rezaee, N., Ershadi, M. J. & Bagheri HoseinAbadi, R. (2021). Evaluating the impact of cultural and social factors on women's entrepreneurship in Tehran Municipality Entrepreneurship Home. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Social & Psychological, 18(4), 2-3. [Text in Persian] Salatin, P. & Rostami, S. (2018). The impact of fertility on women's participation rate in selected countries: Approaches to panel data. Journal of Women and Family Studies, 11(44), 7-22. [Text in Persian] Sanderson, S. K., Heckert, D. A. & Dubrow, J. (2005). Militarist, Marxian, and non-Marxian materialist theories of gender inequality: A cross-cultural test. Social Forces, 83(4): 1425-1441. Sarfaraz, L., Faghih, N. & Asadi Majd, A. (2014). The relationship between women entrepreneurship and gender equality. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 4(1), 1-11. Schwartz, C. R. & Han, H. (2014). The reversal of the gender gap in education and trends in marital dissolution. American Social Review, 79(4), 605–629. Seyedamiri, N., Kameli, A., Moradi, S. & Vasheqani Farahani, H. (2015). Investigating the effect of social capital on women's entrepreneurship in the city of Ilam with regard to the role of mediator innovation. Social Capital Management, 2(3), 415-434. [Text in Persian] Sookhtanlou, M. (2017). Analysis of gender differences on the tendency to the entrepreneurship of agricultural students (case study: University of Mohaghegh Ardabili). Journal of Entrepreneurial Strategies in Agriculture, 4(8), 13-22. [Text in Persian] Stoica, O., Roman, A. & Rusu, V. D. (2020). The nexus between entrepreneurship and economic growth: A comparative analysis on groups of Countries. Sustainability, 11, 1-19. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Tansel, T. & Gungor, N. D. (2013). Gender effect of education on economic development in Turkey. Journal of Economic Studies, 40(6), 794-821. Verick, S. (2018). Female labour force participation and development, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn. http://dx.doi.org/10.15185/izawol.87.v2. Vracheva, V. & Stoyneva, I. (2020). Does gender Equality Bridge or buffer the entrepreneurship gender gap? A cross-country investigation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(8), 1827-1844. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 491 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 355 |
||