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علیت در زبان فارسی: مکتب سنت‌پترزبورگی پاندارکو | ||
| زبان پژوهی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 16 بهمن 1400 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jlr.2022.37189.2070 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
لیلا خان جانی  
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| گروه زبان روسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| ساختارهایی با مفهوم علیت که تصور می‌رود در همه زبان‌ها وجود دارند، ازجمله ابژه‌های زبانی هستند که نه‌تنها در زبانشناسی بلکه در روانشناسی، منطق و فلسفه نیز موردمطالعه قرار می‌گیرند. به‌عبارت‌دیگر علومی که زبان و فعالیت‌های زبانی را در موقعیت‌های مختلف با اهداف متفاوت موردبررسی قرار می‌دهد، همواره علیت را نیز موردتوجه قرار داده است. پژوهش حاضر، تحقیقی توصیفی- تحلیلی است که چهارچوب نظری آن بر اساس تئوری دستور کاربردی باندارکو بنا شده است، بدون اینکه تحمیل ساخت زبان روسی بر زبان فارسی موردنظر باشد. مقاله به بررسی مفهوم علیت در جملات مرکب وابسته‌ساز می‌پردازد. به‌عبارت‌دیگر تظاهر رابطه علیت در جملات مرکب وابسته‌ساز علی، شرط، هدف و تقابل موردبررسی قرار می‌گیرد. برای دستیابی به این مقصود، نگارنده برای توصیف جملات مرکب با مفهوم علیت از محورهای کاربردی- معنایی باندارکو تبعیت کرده است. بر اساس تئوری باندارکو، محورهای کاربردی – معنایی سیستمی از ابزارهای متنوع زبانی (اعم از صرف، نحو، واژه‌سازی، واژه‌شناسی و همچنین تلفیق آن‌ها نظیر واژگانی نحوی و غیره) است که بر مبنای اشتراکات و نقش‌های معنایی متقابل در یک محور جای می‌گیرند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| علیت؛ دستور؛ جمله | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Causality in the Persian Language (from Bondarko’s St.Petersborgian School of Applied Grammar) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Leila Khanjani | ||
| Department of Russian Language, Faculty of Literature & Humanities. University of Guilan. Rasht, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| 1. INTRODUCTION Causality, supposedly available in any languages in the world, has been studied not only in linguistics but also in psychology, logic and philosophy. In other words, those sciences which target language and its various linguistic functions in different situations constantly have paid due attention to the conception of causality. The present descriptive-analytical study used Bondarkov’s theory of applied grammar to investigate causality in the Persian language. To this end, causality conception was addressed in the dependent complex sentences. More specifically, the presence of causality in causal /conditional/targeting and concessional complex sentences was probed. To describe causality in these complex sentences, the author utilized Bondarkov’s functional- semantic fields. Functional grammar and functional linguistics are special areas in modern language science, the special subject of study of which has become the functions and functioning of linguistic units and the linguistic system in speech. The functional-semantic field is a two-sided (content-formal) unity formed by the grammatical (morphological and syntactic) means of a given language together with lexical, lexical-grammatical and word-formation elements related to the same semantic zone interacting with them. In functional- semantic fields, the core and sub-components are distinguished. At the core are linguistic phenomena such as grammatical categories and all its grammatical expressions. In other words, the meaning of a category is clearly seen in the structure of the nucleus. In subcomponents, not all grammatical signs are fully displayed. Therefore, the meaning of the category is many times weaker in them. In addition to the category meaning, the sub-components also have the meanings of other grammatical categories. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the method of linguistic description to examine compound sentences that depend on the concept of causality. In this way, the compound sentences that are located in the main and sub-fields are determined and the hidden structural and semantic differences of these sentences and their commonalities are determined. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The causal relationship has two sides, cause and effect. For this reason, in compound sentences in the following sentence, the cause of action, or the truth contained in the basic sentence, is spoken. The basic sentence itself is the result of that action. The causal relationship is not always expressed by compound sentences with the causal follower. This relationship comes in many forms. Sometimes it appears as causal complex sentences, sometimes with the follower of the result and sometimes with the follower of the condition, goal or opposition. In Persian sentences, with a slight change in time, form of propositions and conjunctions in the causal complex sentences, the result and purpose can be converted into each other. The relation of meaning between the base sentence and the conditional follower is the same as the relation between cause and effect. What is expressed as a condition actually results in what is said in the following sentence. In fact, the form of the condition is nothing but the cause, because the feasibility of the condition leads to the result. In the base sentence of the contrasting compound sentence, the truth is spoken of, the opposite of which can be expected from the follower. In fact, it implicitly indicates the existence of a causal relationship between the two sentences of follower and base. In the confrontational follow-up sentence, the factor that plays the role of the cause is mentioned, and in the base sentence, the result of that cause is stated; But that result is the opposite. By studying the semantic application fields of compound sentences related to the concept of causality, the core of those compound sentences was considered; because the concept of causal and event forms the basis of causality. Therefore, each causal sentence is a combination of the two concepts of cause and effect in doing something or happening. The causal event expresses the concept of causality in its pure and simple form and in a direct dependence on the follower sentence, the event produces the consequence. Compared to other types of syntactic relations, such as condition, purpose, opposition, and consequence, the cause is the absolute center of the concept of causality. 4. CONCLUSION Applied semantic fields Dependent compound sentences with the concept of causality consist of several semantic applied fields such as cause, condition, purpose, opposition and consequence. The concept of causality in linguistics is a causal relationship in the broadest sense of the word. The system of causal constructs, relying on the system of cause and effect, is considered a part of general human cognition. In other words, one event is the basis for the realization of another event. Therefore, the core of the semantic functional fields of compound sentences that depend on the concept of causality are causal compound sentences. The concept of causation and event forms the basis of causality. Thus, each causal sentence is a combination of the two concepts of cause (cause) and its effect (result) in performing an action or the occurrence of a state. The causal event expresses the concept of causality in its pure and simple form and in a direct dependence on the follower sentence, the event produces the consequence. Compared to other types of syntactic relations, such as condition, purpose, opposition, and consequence, the cause is the absolute center of the concept of causality. Compound causal compound sentences are divided into two groups: In compound causal compound sentences, the first group is the follower event that produces the base sentence event, in other words, the follower sentence expresses the cause of the base sentence. In the second group, in the structure of the compound causal sentence, the following sentence does not express the cause, but includes the consequence that resulted from the basic sentence. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| causality, grammar, sentences | ||
| مراجع | ||
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