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عوامل اجتماعی اثر گذار بر سلامت روان زنان در مقایسه با مردان | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| دوره 21، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 74، فروردین 1402، صفحه 121-149 اصل مقاله (1.06 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2023.38998.2565 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| اعظم علیزاده* 1؛ پروانه دانش2؛ امیر ملکی3؛ فاطمه جواهری4 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) a-alizadeh@pnu.ac.ir | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران. P_danesh@pnu.ac.ir | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران. a_maleki@pnu.ac.ir | ||
| 4دانشیار گروه علوم جامعهشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران، ایران. javaherm@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این پژوهش، با هدف شناسایی برخی عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر سلامت روان زنان و مردان انجام شده است. برای تحلیل موضوع از آراء آناندال (2013)، نظریه موس (2002) و نظریه آربر و توماس (2001) بهره گرفته شده است. بهاین منظور یک پژوهش میدانی به روش پیمایشی ترتیب داده شد و از بین زنان و مردان متأهل 20 تا 60 ساله ساکن شهر کرمان، بر اساس روش نمونهگیری سهمیهبندی نمونهای 600 نفر انتخاب و با آنها مصاحبه شد. نتایج بهدست آمده نشان داد میانگین نمره سلامت روان مردان و زنان بهترتیب 5/23 و 6/20 است. بنابراین، نمره مردان بهطور معناداری از نمره زنان بیشتر است. همچنین، میانگین نمره «نابرابری در بهرهمندی از منابع و فرصتها» برای زنان و مردان بهترتیب 6/73 و 8/54 است. نمره «آسیبپذیری مردان و زنان در سلامت بهترتیب 43 و 46 است. بهاین ترتیب میتوان گفت زنان در مقایسه با مردان سلامت روان ضعیفتر، بهرهمندی کمتر از منابع و فرصتها و درجه آسیبپذیری بالاتری در سلامت را تجربه میکنند. تحلیلهای آماری نشان داد «نابرابری در بهرهمندی از منابع و فرصتها» با ضریب 16/0- و «آسیبپذیری در سلامت» با ضریب 24/0- بر سلامت روان زنان تأثیر منفی و معناداری دارد. نابرابریهای جنسیتی هم بهطور مستقیم و هم از طریق افزایش آسیبپذیری در سلامت زنان اثر کاهنده بر سلامت روان آنان دارد. یافتهها حاکی از آن است که در نوع عوامل اجتماعی اثرگذار بر سلامت روان مردان و زنان تفاوت وجود دارد و تحلیل سلامت روان زنان مستلزم توجه به شرایط اجتماعی و تحلیل جنسیتی است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| تفاوت جنسیتی؛ سلامت روان؛ نابرابری در بهره مندی از منابع و فرصتها؛ آسیب پذیری در سلامت | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Social Factors Affecting the Mental Health of Women Compared to Men | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Azam Alizadeh1؛ Parvaneh Danesh2؛ Amir Maleki3؛ Fatemeh Javaheri4 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Iran. a-alizadeh@pnu.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Iran. P_danesh@pnu.ac.ir | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Iran. a_maleki@pnu.ac.ir | ||
| 4Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. javaherm@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The objective of this study was to identify social factors that affect the mental health of women and men, with gender being one of the distinguishing factors of human health. To achieve this, the study utilized the opinions of Anandal (2013), the theory of Moss (2002), and the theory of Arber and Thomas (2001). The research followed a quantitative approach and was conducted using a survey method. A sample of 600 married men and women aged 20-60 living in Kerman city was selected using quota sampling. The results of the study indicated that men had significantly higher average scores for mental health (23.5) than women (20.6). The average score for "inequality in benefiting from resources and opportunities" was higher for women (73.6) than for men (54.8). In terms of health vulnerability, men had a score of 43 and women had a score of 46, suggesting that women experience weaker mental health, less benefit from resources and opportunities, and a higher degree of health vulnerability compared to men. Statistical analysis showed that "inequality in benefiting from resources and opportunities" with a coefficient of -0.16 and "vulnerability in health" with a coefficient of -0.24 had significant and negative effects on women's mental health. Gender inequalities have a negative impact on women's mental health, both directly and through increased vulnerability to poor health. The findings underscore the need to pay attention to the social conditions in which women live when analyzing their mental health and highlight differences in the social factors that affect the mental health of men and women. Keywords Gender Difference, Mental Health, Inequality in the Use of Resources and Opportunities, Vulnerability in Health. Introduction Mental health is an essential component of human health with significant impact on overall well-being. It is shaped by personal characteristics as well as social context, thus making the gender factor, with its cultural, economic, and social implications, a crucial determinant of individuals' mental health. Gender is defined by the distinct identity, roles, expectations, and rights assigned to women and men, and along with their biological differences, creates overarching differences in their individual and social lives. Hence, this research aims to measure gender-based distinctions in mental health in both men and women, and subsequently identify the factors that influence it. This study is necessary in Iran due to the drastic changes in the position of women over the past few decades. Although the entire society has been undergoing constant transformation amidst the traditional and modern boundaries, women have been subjected to more contradictions and disorders in various social life aspects. Factors such as access to higher education, specialized jobs, media consumption, and greater geographical mobility, have gradually reduced the strictness of traditional teachings towards women, hence transforming their position in society, at least partially. Consequently, an important research question arises whether the resulting changes have affected mental health, reducing the gap between men and women's health. Furthermore, to determine if there is a difference in mental health between genders, the study seeks to identify the social factors responsible for these differences. Methodology The research method utilized in this study was a survey, which involved collecting data using both standardized and researcher-made questionnaires. The statistical population of interest was all married individuals between the age of 20 and 60 who reside in Kerman. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, and 600 participants were chosen using a combination of the quota sampling and disproportionate sampling methods from two groups of married men and women. The measurement tool showed adequate formal validity, and the study's variables had an optimal level of internal consistency, as indicated by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software, and both multiple regression analysis and path analysis were employed to examine the theoretical research model. Findings The study found that men had a higher average mental health score compared to women. Additionally, gender differences were observed in the level of "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities", with women experiencing higher levels of inequality than men, as well as being more vulnerable than men. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, mental health, separately for men and women, revealing that 20% of changes in women's mental health could be explained by the variables of "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities", "vulnerability in health", and income. Notably, the effect of "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities" and "vulnerability in health" on women's mental health was reversed, with their increase leading to a decrease in mental health, while income had a positive and direct effect, leading to an increase in mental health. Meanwhile, 9% of changes in men's mental health were attributed to income, which had a direct positive impact on men's mental health. In contrast, the variables "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities" and "vulnerability in health" had no effect on men's mental health. Path analysis was employed to determine the structure of the model and the direct and indirect effects of the variables, revealing that "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities" led to a decrease in women's mental health, both directly and indirectly through its effect on "vulnerability in health". Meanwhile, "vulnerability in health" had a negative direct effect on women's mental health. Income affected women's mental health directly and indirectly, with higher income leading to a decrease in "vulnerability in health" and "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities", improving women's mental health. Result The results of the current research, in line with the findings of previous studies, show that women experience greater inequality in "utilizing resources and opportunities" compared to men, and the lack of utilization of resources and opportunities increases exposure to hardship and stress. It limits the access to the resources that they need for prevention and care against the disease, as a result, the health of women faces a decrease. On the other hand, since men experience less gender inequality, it is natural that this factor does not show a relationship with their mental health. Also, gender can affect how people are vulnerable to certain health conditions. The health status of women and men is the consequence of how societies give agreed privileges to men in power relations, which can make women more vulnerable than men in the field of health. The results also indicate "vulnerability in health", more women than men, and its negative impact on women's mental health. Consistent with the opinion of mental health sociologists who believe that mental disorders are caused by socio-cultural systems, in this research it was also found that mental health at the individual level is affected by socio-cultural structures including the gender structure in society. This can lead to gender differences in mental health. on the other hand, since health is a multi-dimensional and multi-faceted phenomenon, and for its promotion, along with the effort to modify individual level variables (such as empowering women), it is necessary to modify the social origin of the disease, especially the way of distributing valuable resources and defining gender roles. Today, the predominance of the biological-psychiatry approach and reliance on drug therapy and individual consultations, despite the valuable role they play in reducing the suffering of patients, they are unable to find and solve their problems. Therefore, the concentration of research that is done with a social approach can be a useful starting point to understand the social roots of mental health and start a practical step in the field of policy making in this field. 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| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Gender Difference, Mental Health, Inequality in the Use of Resources and Opportunities, Vulnerability in Health | ||
| مراجع | ||
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