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بررسی سیر تطور دیدگاه نقشهنگاران اروپایی نسبت به ایران در قرون وسطی | ||
| تاریخ اسلام و ایران | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 33، شماره 60 - شماره پیاپی 150، بهمن 1402، صفحه 135-169 اصل مقاله (3.58 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/hii.2024.43406.2774 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| میلاد صادقی* | ||
| پژوهشگر آزاد، تاریخ اسلام، اصفهان، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تصورات جغرافیدانان و نقشه نگاران اروپایی نسبت به جهان اطراف خود، عموماً برگرفته از متون کلاسیک یونان و روم باستان و همچنین کتاب های عهدین و مفسران مسیحی بود و این امر موجب می شد تصورات عمدۀ آنان نسبت به نقاط دوردست دنیا، مبتنی بر متون مذکور شکل بگیرد. نقشه های مپا ماندی و همچنین نقشه های پیرو سنت کلاسیک رومی که در قرون وسطی نیز دنبال میشد، جملگی مبتنی بر اطلاعات موجود در کتب عهدین و متون کلاسیک بودند. با آغاز قرن دوازدهم و سیزدهم میلادی و شکل گیری سفرهای متعدد اروپاییان به شرق اسلامی از جمله ایران، تصورات کلاسیک اروپا راه تجدد را در پیش گرفت و تا حد زیادی از قالب غیرحقیقی خود خارج شد و شکل واقعیت به خود گرفت. بنابراین طی یک بازۀ زمانی تصورات اروپاییان نسبت به شرق، بهخصوص ایران دچار تحولات و تطوراتی شد که ناشی از عوامل مختلفی در هر بازه زمانی بود. در این میان، سفرهای متعدد اروپاییان تأثیر بسزایی در تغییر دیدگاه و همچنین اطلاعات نقشهنگاران داشت. بررسی سیر تطور دیدگاه اروپاییان طی قرنها نسبت به ایران و ایرانیان با توجه به نقشههای قرون وسطایی، مسئلهای است که تاکنون مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. بر همین اساس، بررسی این موضوع که نقشههای قرون وسطایی -که ارائهدهندۀ تصورات غالب به جامعه اروپای قرون وسطی بوده اند- چه دیدگاه و تصوراتی از ایران طی بازه های زمانی مختلف ارائه میدادهاند، مسئلهای مهم و قابل توجه است که نگارندۀ این نوشتار درصدد است با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی بیان کند که تا قبل از سفرهای جهانگردان اروپایی، تصور کلاسیک نسبت به ایران در نقشههای قرون وسطایی غالب بوده و در این میان سفرهای مارکوپولو تأثیر بسزایی در تغییر و تحول این دید داشته است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| نقشهنگاری؛ پورتولان؛ جغرافینگاران؛ سیاحان؛ مارکوپولو | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigating the evolution of the view of European cartographers towards Iran in the Middle Ages | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Milad Sadeghi | ||
| The Specifications of Authors, History of Islam, Isfahan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The ideas of European geographers and cartographers about the world around them were generally taken from the classical texts of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as the books of the Testament and the Christian commentators, which meant that their main ideas about distant parts of the world were based on the aforementioned texts. Both the maps of Mapamandi and the maps in the classical Roman tradition, which was also followed in the Middle Ages, were based on the information available in the testaments and classical texts. With the beginning of the 12th and 13th centuries AD and the numerous travels of Europeans to the Islamic East, including Iran, the classical ideas of Europe took the path of modernity and largely left their unreal form and took the form of reality. Therefore, the perception the East, especially Iran, by Europeans underwent changes and developments over time caused by various factors in each period of time. In the meantime, the numerous travels of the Europeans had a considerable influence on the change in the cartographers' perspective and information. The study of the evolution of the Europeans' view of Iran and Iranians over the centuries through the medieval maps is a problem that has not yet received attention. Therefore, it is important to examine how the medieval maps - which depicted the dominant ideas of medieval European society - presented Iran in different periods. It should be noted that the author of this article attempts to use a descriptive-analytical approach to express that before the travels of the European world travelers, the classical idea of Iran prevailed in the medieval maps, and that in the meantime, Marco Polo's travels had a significant impact on the change and transformation of this view. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Cartography, Portolan, Geographers, Travelers, Marco Polo | ||
| مراجع | ||
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- متی (2015)، ترجمۀ گروهی از اشخاص، [بیجا]: انتشارات ایلام.
- گابریل، آلفونس (1400)، مارکوپولو در ایران، ترجمۀ کیکاووس جهانداری، تهران: سخن.
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Bagrow, Leo (1964), History of Cartography, Livingstone, Transaction Publishers. Bansal, Taruna (2017), “Map and Mapmaking in Medieval Times: A Retrospect”, Indian Cartographer, vol.37, pp.41-47. Beazley, C. Raymond (1949), The Dawn of Modern Geography, NewYork: Peter Smith. Bergreen, Laurence (2011), Colombus the Four Voyages 1492-1504, London: Penguin Book. Bevan, Wiliam (1873), Medieval Geography an Essay in Illustration the Hereford Mappa Mundi, London: E. Stanford, Chating Cross. Breen, Rev. A. E. (1908), A Harmonized Exposition of the Four Gospels, Rochester: John p. Smith Printing Company. Campbell, Tony, (1987), “Portolan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century to 1500”, The History of Cartography, Edited by J. b. Harley and Daved Woodward, vol.1, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Davies, Arthur (1977), “Martellus and Colombus”, The Geographical Journal, vol.143, pp.451-459. Delano-Smith, Catherine & Kain, Roger J. P. (1999), English Maps: A History, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Ducza,Matthew (2013), “Medieval World Map Diagrams of a Christian universe”, University of Melbourn Collections, issue 12, pp8-13. Edson, Evelyn (2007), The World Mao,1300-1492, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Feuerbach, Ann (2020), “Anglo-Saxon Mappa mundi:New Perspectives”, Amps Proceedings, Series 20.1, Kent: University of Kent Press, pp 58-64. Freiesleben, H. C. (1979), “Map of the World or Sea Chart? The Catalan Mappamundi of 1375”, Journal of The Institute of Navigation, vol.26, pp.85-89. Fulin, Rinaldo (1924), Archibio Veneto, Venezia: Istituto Veneto di Arti Grafiche. Harvey, P. D. A. (1997), “The Sawley Map and Other World Map in Twelfth-Century England”, Imago Mundi, vol.49, pp.33-42. Kimble, George H. T. (1938), Geograohy in the Middle Ages, London: Methuen and co. LTD. Kominko, Maja (2005), “The Map of Cosmas,the Albi Map,and the Tradition of Ancient Geography”, Mediterranean Historical Review, vol.20, pp.163-186. Konrad, Miller (1895), Mappaemundi : die ältesten Weltkarten, Stuttgart: Jos. Roth'sche Verlagshandlung. Liščák, Vladimir (2019), “Catalan Atlas of 1375and Hormuz around 1300”, 29th International Cartography Conference, pp.1-7. Mela, Poponius (1998), Pomponius Mela's Description pf the World, Translated by F. E. Romer, Ann Arbor: University Michigan Press. Mir-Ahmadi, Maryam (2008), “Marco Polo in Iran”, Oriente Moderno, Anno 88, pp.1-13. Nicolai, Roelof (2014), A critical review of the hypothesis of a medieval origin for portolan charts, Proefscrift, Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht. O' Doherty, Marianne (2011), “Fra Mauro's World Map (c. 1448-1449); Mapping, Mediation and the Indian Ocean World”, Wasafiri, vol.26, pp.1-17. Orosius, Paulus (1964), The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, Translated by Roy J. Deferrari, Washington D. C: Catholic University of America Press. Polo, Marco (1930), The Travels of Marco Polo, NewYork & London: W.W. Norton Company. Ptolemy, Claudius (1991), Claudius Ptolemy the Geography, Translated and Edited by Edward Luther Stevenson with an Introduction by Joseph Fischer, NewYork: Dover Publication. Ravenstein, E. G. (1908), Martin Behaim His Life and His Globe, London: George Philip and Son. Seville, Isodore (2006), The Etymologies of Isidor of Sevill, Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. Solin, Julius Caius (1847), Gaii Lulii Solini de Mirabilibus Mundi, Traduit Pour la Preniere Fois en Francis Par M. A. Agnant, Paris: C. L. F. Panckoucke. Stevenson, Edward Luther (1911) Portolan Charts their Origin and Characteristics with a Descriptive list of those Belonging to the Hispanic Society of America, NewYork: The Knickerbochers Press. Strabo (2014), The Geography of Strabo,Translated by Duane W. Roller, Cambridge: University Cambridge Press. Wiliams, John (1997), “Orosius and the Beatus Map”, Imago Mundi, vol.49, pp.7-32. Wiliams, John (2017), Vision of the End in Medieval Spain, Edited by Therese Martin, Amesterdam: Amesterdam University Press. Woodward, David (1987), “Medieval Mappaemundi”, The History of Cartography, Edited by J. b. Harley and Daved Woodward, vol.1, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wright, John Kirtland (1925), The Geographical Lore of the time of the Crusades, NewYork: American Geoghraphical Society. https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/fra-mauro-world-map https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00215/?sp=5 https://www.themappamundi.co.uk/mappa-mundi/ https://warnke.web.leuphana.de/hyperimage/EbsKart/index.html#O9999 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Fanglo-saxon-world-map&psig=AOvVaw2eDjk8-uX-SLmRIPwwH0_w&ust=1678444535296000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLDs4qPTzv0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD | ||
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