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تجربه زیسته بیوگی: مطالعه‌ای پدیدارشناختی در میان زنان | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| دوره 22، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 80، آذر 1403، صفحه 65-95 اصل مقاله (955.45 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2024.45822.2823 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حسین افراسیابی* 1؛ سارا صادقیه2 | ||
| 1استاد جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) hafrasiabi@yazd.ac.ir | ||
| 2کارشناسی ارشد جامعه شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران. sarasadeghieh26hs@gmail.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| هدف این پژوهش، فهم معنا و نحوه توصیف بیوگی از دیدگاه زنانی است که این پدیده را بر اثر فوت همسر تجربه کرده‌اند. از پدیدارشناسی برای اجرای پژوهش استفاده شد. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه با 5 زن بیوه در شهر یزد گردآوری شد. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد زنان بیوه در ابتدا با فشارها و تنش‌های روانی عمیقی دست‌وپنجه نرم می‌کنند و چه‌بسا در نقش مادری نیز حضور داشته باشند و فشارها و مسئولیت‌های فرزندشان نیز برعهده آنان باشد؛ لذا بیوگی به یک‌باره آنها را دچار شوک روانی می‌کند. در کنار تنش و آسیب‌های روانی، زنان بیوه مورد آماج فشارهای هنجاری و آسیب‌هایی وارده از طرف جامعه و اطرافیان قرار می‌گیرند. همچنین، این زنان بعد از فوت همسر در شرایط واماندگی اقتصادی قرار می‌گیرند. البته، تجربه بیوگی برای این زنان تنها آسیب و تنش به همراه نداشته، بلکه موجب رشد آنها نیز شده و خیلی از آنها را از وابستگی و ضعیف بودن نجات داده است. به‌نحوی که مضمون پختگی در بحران به عنوان تجربه زیسته مشترک در صحبت تک تک آنها بازنمایی می‌شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| بیوه؛ بیوگی؛ زنان بی همسر؛ زنان؛ سرپرست خانوار | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Lived Experience of Widowhood: A Phenomenological Study Among Women | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hossein Afrasiabi1؛ Sara Sadeghiyeh2 | ||
| 1Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. hafrasiabi@yazd.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 2M.Sc of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. sarasadeghieh26hs@gmail.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The purpose of this research is to understand the meaning and description of widowhood from the perspective of women who have experienced this phenomenon due to the death of their husbands. Phenomenology was used to conduct the research. The data was collected through interviews with 5 widows in Yazd city. The findings show that women struggle with deep psychological pressures and tensions at first, and maybe they are also present in the role of mothers and the pressures and responsibilities of their children are also on them, which suddenly gives psychological shock. beside the tension and psychological injuries, these women are subjected to normative pressures and harms inflicted on them by the society and the people around them after facing the phenomenon of widowhood. After the death of their husbands, these women are in poverty. The experience of widowhood did not only bring harm and tension to these women, but also caused them to grow and saved many of them from being dependent and weak, and in each of their conversations, the theme of maturity in the crisis is represented as their common lived experience. Keywords Widow, Widowhood, Widowenss, Women, Family Introduction Becoming a widow is a deep, unique experience. It has emotional, social, psychological, and economic effects. It means losing a companion and life partner. Awareness of this experience changes the person and those around him. This experience is common in different periods, especially for women. As a result of war, death, divorce, many women experience this phenomenon. Becoming a widow means losing the role of a wife. It is one of the most intimate and personal roles (Burke, 2014: 506). Widows make up about one third of the elderly in industrialized countries. In the U.S., over 40% of women age 65 and older are widowed. This is due to women living longer than men and being less likely to remarry. Only 13% of men are widowed. In recent years, social changes have led to more widows. Between 2005 and 2015, the population of this group of women has increased from 7.4% to 9.5% (Bluery et al., 2019: 89). Examining widowhood as a unique human experience can deepen our understanding of it. It can help us find its true nature and meaning. Many women become widows due to their husbands' deaths at a young, active age. A number of other women are heads of households (single parents). A child or children live next to these mothers. The issues of widowhood affect the child's life. Another group of these women have lost their husbands in middle age. They will face various issues. Their emotional, psychological and communication experience is different and worth considering. A detailed study of their conditions can raise society's awareness. It can also help understand the challenges they face. It examines, from the view of widows, the hidden aspects of widowhood. This research, based on the cases, seeks to answer: How do widows describe becoming a widow? What are the important dimensions of widowhood for them? What are the conditions of formation and consequences of widowhood experience for them? Research on widowhood has focused on widows as heads of households. It has studied their social ties, happiness, and families (Mokhtari and Dehghani, 1400; Safari and Arabpour, 1400; Ahmad Nia and Qalibaf, 2016). , Falakuddin et al., 1400, Belori et al., 2019). Most articles in developing countries focus on the social harms of mothers who head households and of widows (Dobi, 2022; Sabri et al., 2021). In developed countries, the main focus is on the issues of health and welfare and insurance of these women (Adna et al., 2021). This field has not interpreted widowhood as just being a widow. It has not studied widows' experiences or understanding. Methodology The study examines and interprets women's experience of widowhood. It uses the perspective of women who have experienced widowhood. The participants were selected by purposive and homogeneous sampling method. The data gathered through in-depth interview. It continued until saturation. Participant selection provided info to answer the research questions (Maxwell, 1996). We interviewed 5 women who lost their husbands at a young age. To select the participants, we first chose two close relatives from the sample. Then, we went to three others. Some were independent and sociable. Others were isolated after becoming widows. Findings The interviews with the widows were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. First, a basic code was attached to each part of the phrase. It had a meaning related to the research's purpose. Gradually concepts and codes with similar semantic space were revealed. Then we grouped similar concepts in the form of common semantic units and gave them a more abstract code. Themes and semantic categories with common meaning form main themes or themes. Thus, the concepts were grouped into 5 main themes. They are: 1. Psychological tension. 2. Suspicion of unusual offers. 3. Economic helplessness. 4. Risky social interactions. 5. Personal development. Finally, it was recognized that all participants shared a common experience: the crisis of maturity. The next section presents each theme, along with testimonies and statements from participants. women face deep mental pressures and tensions. They may also be mothers, with the added burdens of children. He suddenly has a mental shock. These widowed women suffer tension and mental injuries. They face societal pressures and harm from those around them. These women live in economic poverty after the death of their husbands. The bioge phenomenon harmed and strained these women. Yet, it also helped them grow and made them less dependent. Their talks often touched on maturity in crisis. as their shared life experience. References Adena, M., Hamermesh, D., Myck, M. & Oczkowska, M. (2023). Home alone: Widows’ well-being and time. Journal of Happiness Studies, 24(2), 813-838. Amadnia, S. & Ghlibaf Kamel, A. (2017). Women-headed households in Tehran: A qualitative study of their experiences, challenges and capacities. Refah Quarterly, 17(65), 103-136. (In Persian) Amani, M. (2006). Demography of widows in iran on the basis of survey and census data. Journal of Population Association of Iran, 1(1), 43-60. (In Persian) Berk, L. (2022), Developmental Psychology. Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. Tehran: Arasbaran Publications. (In Persian) Boolouri, M., Alirezanejad, S. & Savadian, P. (2021). Social support and redefinition of the women without spouses as mothers: A research in neighborhoods of Afsariyeh and Abbasabad in Tehran city. Social Development & Welfare Planning, 11(45), 81-116. (In Persian) Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Sage Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. Dube, M. (2022). Isolation and its impact on widows: Insights from low-resourced communities in binga district, Zimbabwe. Social Sciences, 11(7), 298. Elder, G. H., Johnson, M. K. & Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life Course Theory. In Mortimer J. T. & Shanahan, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of the Life Course (pp. 3-19). New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Falakodin, Z., Hadjizadeh Meimandi, M., Mousavi, S. M. & Kalate Sadati, A. (2021). Mothers as household heads and family happiness: A qualitative study among female-headed households in Yazd city. Strategic Research on Social Problems, 10(4), 91-116. (In Persian) Flick, U. (2021). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Translated by Hadi Jalili. Tehran: Ney Publishing. (In Persian) Giele, J. Z. & Elder, G. H., Jr. (1998). Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications, Inc. Jones, E. (2016). Lived Experience of Young Widowed Individuals. Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 5063. Khosravan, S., Salehi, S., Ahmadi, F. & Mansoorian, M. R. (2013). The experience of widowed head of the family during role transition: A qualitative study. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 2(1), 62-75. (In Persian) Kubler-Ross, E. (1997). On Death and Dying: What the Dying Have to Teach Doctors, Nurses, Clergy, and Their’s Own Families. London, England: Simon & Schuster Publications. Lenette, C. (2014). I am a widow, mother and refugee: Narratives of two refugee widows resettled to Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 27(3), 403-421. Mahdizadeh, S. M. (2008). Media and Representation. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. (In Persian) Maxwell, J. A. (1996. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Moerer, T. & Creswell, J. (2004). Using transcendental phenomenology to explore the ripple effect” in a leadership mentoring program. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(2) 19-35. Mokhtari, M., & Dehghani, H. (2021). Lived experience of women-headed of households in social relations in Yasouj. Journal of Woman and Family Studies, 9(3), 78-101. (In Persian) Pishgahifard, Z. & Ghodsi, A. (2010). The feminist cultural theories and their impact on Irans society. Journal of Woman in Culture and Arts, 1(3), 109-132. (In Persian) Polkinghome, D. (1983). Methodology for the Human Sciences: Systems of Inquiry. New York: Suny Press. Sabri, M. F., Dass, T. M., Burhan, N. A. S., Wahab, H. A. R. A., Wijekoon, R. & Simanjuntak, M. (2021). Determinants of life satisfaction among female-headed households in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(1), 276-295. Sadeghi, M., Bahrami, F. & Esmaili, R. (2019). Developing the local model of preventive cultural factors concerning remarriage of the female-headed households protected by the Iranian Aid Committee in 2016. Women Studies, 10(28), 199-229. (In Persian) Safiri, K. & Arabpour, E. (2021). Study of lived experience of motherhood and marriage of women heads of households in Tehran. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 19(1), 7-44. (In Persian) Segev, E., Regev, I., Hochman, Y., Zafrany, Y., Sherfi, Y. & Elkayam, A. (2021). Widow and bereaved mother relations after loss of husband or son: A double perspective. Family Relations, 70(1), 43-58. Shelton, A. M. & Nuschler, D. (2010). Social Security: Revisiting Benefits for Spouses and Survivors (PDF). https://benefitslink.com/news/index.cgi/view /20210921-167648. Vanderstoep, S. W. & Johnson, D. D. (2009). Research Method for Everyday Life. Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approach. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Yalom, I. D. (2015). Existential Psychotherapy. Translated by Sepideh Habib. Tehran: Ney Publishing. (In Persian) | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Widow, Widowhood, Widowenss, Women, Family | ||
| مراجع | ||
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(1400). مطالعه تجربه زیسته مادری و همسری در بین زنان سرپرست خانوار تهرانی. مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان، 19(1)، 44-7. صادقی، محمد و بهرامی، اسماعیلی. (1395). تدوین مدل بومی عوامل فرهنگی بازدارندة ازدواج مجدد زنان سرپرست خانوار زیر پوشش کمیتۀ امداد کشور ایران درسال 1395. پژوهش‌نامه زنان، 10(28)، 229-199. فلک‌الدین، زهرا.، حاجی‌زاده میمندی، مسعود.، موسوی، سیدمحسن و کلاته ساداتی، احمد (2021). مادران، سرپرستی خانوار و شادکامی خانواده (یک مطالعۀ کیفی در بین زنان سرپرست خانوار شهر یزد). پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی ایران، 10(4)، 91-116. فلیک، اووه. (۱۴۰۰). درآمدی بر تحقیق کیفی. ترجمه هادی جلیلی. تهران: نشر نی. مختاری، مریم و دهقانی، حمیده. (2021). تجربه زیسته زنان سرپرست خانوار در مناسبات اجتماعی در شهر یاسوج. مطالعات زن و خانواده، 9(3)، 101-78. مهدی‌زاده. سیدمحمد. (1387). رسانه‌ها و بازنمایی. تهران: انتشارات وزارت ارشاد اسلامی. یالوم، اروین. (1394). روان‌درمانی اگزیستانسیال. ترجمه سپیده حبیب. تهران: نشر نی. Adena, M., Hamermesh, D., Myck, M. & Oczkowska, M. (2023). Home alone: Widows’ well-being and time. Journal of Happiness Studies, 24(2), 813-838. Amadnia, S. & Ghlibaf Kamel, A. (2017). Women-headed households in Tehran: A qualitative study of their experiences, challenges and capacities. Refah Quarterly, 17(65), 103-136. (In Persian) Amani, M. (2006). Demography of widows in iran on the basis of survey and census data. Journal of Population Association of Iran, 1(1), 43-60. (In Persian) Berk, L. (2022), Developmental Psychology. Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. Tehran: Arasbaran Publications. (In Persian) Boolouri, M., Alirezanejad, S. & Savadian, P. (2021). Social support and redefinition of the women without spouses as mothers: A research in neighborhoods of Afsariyeh and Abbasabad in Tehran city. Social Development & Welfare Planning, 11(45), 81-116. (In Persian) Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Sage Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. Dube, M. (2022). Isolation and its impact on widows: Insights from low-resourced communities in binga district, Zimbabwe. Social Sciences, 11(7), 298. Elder, G. H., Johnson, M. K. & Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life Course Theory. In Mortimer J. T. & Shanahan, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of the Life Course (pp. 3-19). New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Falakodin, Z., Hadjizadeh Meimandi, M., Mousavi, S. M. & Kalate Sadati, A. (2021). Mothers as household heads and family happiness: A qualitative study among female-headed households in Yazd city. Strategic Research on Social Problems, 10(4), 91-116. (In Persian) Flick, U. (2021). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Translated by Hadi Jalili. Tehran: Ney Publishing. (In Persian) Giele, J. Z. & Elder, G. H., Jr. (1998). Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications, Inc. Jones, E. (2016). Lived Experience of Young Widowed Individuals. Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 5063. Khosravan, S., Salehi, S., Ahmadi, F. & Mansoorian, M. R. (2013). The experience of widowed head of the family during role transition: A qualitative study. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 2(1), 62-75. (In Persian) Kubler-Ross, E. (1997). On Death and Dying: What the Dying Have to Teach Doctors, Nurses, Clergy, and Their’s Own Families. London, England: Simon & Schuster Publications. Lenette, C. (2014). I am a widow, mother and refugee: Narratives of two refugee widows resettled to Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 27(3), 403-421. Mahdizadeh, S. M. (2008). Media and Representation. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. (In Persian) Maxwell, J. A. (1996. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Moerer, T. & Creswell, J. (2004). Using transcendental phenomenology to explore the ripple effect” in a leadership mentoring program. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(2) 19-35. Mokhtari, M., & Dehghani, H. (2021). Lived experience of women-headed of households in social relations in Yasouj. Journal of Woman and Family Studies, 9(3), 78-101. (In Persian) Pishgahifard, Z. & Ghodsi, A. (2010). The feminist cultural theories and their impact on Irans society. Journal of Woman in Culture and Arts, 1(3), 109-132. (In Persian) Polkinghome, D. (1983). Methodology for the Human Sciences: Systems of Inquiry. New York: Suny Press. Sabri, M. F., Dass, T. M., Burhan, N. A. S., Wahab, H. A. R. A., Wijekoon, R. & Simanjuntak, M. (2021). Determinants of life satisfaction among female-headed households in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(1), 276-295. Sadeghi, M., Bahrami, F. & Esmaili, R. (2019). Developing the local model of preventive cultural factors concerning remarriage of the female-headed households protected by the Iranian Aid Committee in 2016. Women Studies, 10(28), 199-229. (In Persian) Safiri, K. & Arabpour, E. (2021). Study of lived experience of motherhood and marriage of women heads of households in Tehran. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 19(1), 7-44. (In Persian) Segev, E., Regev, I., Hochman, Y., Zafrany, Y., Sherfi, Y. & Elkayam, A. (2021). Widow and bereaved mother relations after loss of husband or son: A double perspective. Family Relations, 70(1), 43-58. Shelton, A. M. & Nuschler, D. (2010). Social Security: Revisiting Benefits for Spouses and Survivors (PDF). https://benefitslink.com/news/index.cgi/view /20210921-167648. Vanderstoep, S. W. & Johnson, D. D. (2009). Research Method for Everyday Life. Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approach. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Yalom, I. D. (2015). Existential Psychotherapy. Translated by Sepideh Habib. Tehran: Ney Publishing. (In Persian) | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 120 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 30 |
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