پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 937 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,696 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,621,257 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 8,985,495 |
تبیین مدل بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بر اساس خردمندی با میانجی‌گری احساس تنهایی در زنان | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 20، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 72، مهر 1401، صفحه 84-109 اصل مقاله (866 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2022.39040.2559 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مسلم دانش پایه1؛ فریبرز درتاج2؛ عاطفه مازوساز* 3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. mirabi.saeede@gmail.com | ||
| 2استاد روانشناسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. yousofi@um.ac.ir | ||
| 3کارشناس‌ارشد روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) ghandeharioon@um.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده | ||
| هدف این پژوهش طراحی مدلی برای تبیین بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بر اساس خرد و با میانجی‌گری احساس تنهایی در زنان بوده است. پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از حیث ماهیت، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه زنان شهر تهران در سال 1400 بود که تعداد 409 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس به‌عنوان نمونه مورد مطالعه انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات مورد نیاز با استفاده از پرسشنامه بهزیستی روان‌شناختی ریف 1995، پرسشنامه احساس تنهایی اجتماعی و عاطفی بزرگسالان و فرم کوتاه 12 سؤالی خرد سهبعدی گردآوری گردید. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار spss24 وAmos24 انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان داد که مدل، برازش مناسبی دارد. بر این اساس، بهزیستی روان‌شناختی رابطه مستقیم و معناداری با خردمندی، و رابطه معکوس و معناداری با احساس تنهایی اجتماعی و عاطفی دارد. بر اساس این یافته‌ها می‌توان گفت که احساس تنهایی اجتماعی و عاطفی بالا می‌تواند اثرات زیان‌باری بر بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بگذارد و با افزایش خرد می‌توان اثرات احساس تنهایی را کاهش داد تا منجر به افزایش بهزیستی روان‌شناختی گردد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| بهزیستی روان‌شناختی زنان؛ خرد؛ احساس تنهایی؛ تنهایی عاطفی؛ تنهایی اجتماعی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Explaining the Model of Psychological Well-Being based on Wisdom Mediated by Feelings of Loneliness in Women | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Moslem Daneshpayeh1؛ Fariborz Dortaj2؛ Atefeh Mazoosaz3 | ||
| 1PhD Student in Educational Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. m_daneshpayeh66@yahoo.com | ||
| 2Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. f_dortaj@yahoo.com. | ||
| 3Master of Educational Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. atefehmazoosaz@gmail.com. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The purpose of this study was to design a model to explain wisdom-based psychological well-being and the mediating role of loneliness in women. The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in nature. The statistical population of this study was all women in Tehran in 1400. A total of 409 samples were selected by the available sampling method. The Riff 1995 Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, the social and emotional loneliness scale and the 12-item wisdom scale were used for data collection. After data collection, data analysis was performed using spss24 and Amos24 software. Findings showed that the model has a good fit. Accordingly, psychological well-being has a direct and significant relationship with the variable of wisdom, and a significant inverse relationship with the feeling of loneliness (emotional and social). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that high feelings of loneliness (emotional and social) can have detrimental effects on psychological well-being and should be reduced by increasing wisdom to reduce the effects of loneliness to lead to increase psychological well-being. Women's Psychological Well-Being, Wisdom, Loneliness, Emotional Loneliness, Social loneliness. Introduction The outbreak of Covid 19 can be considered an uncontrollable stressful event. Quarantine measures have disrupted daily life, which has a great impact on psychological well-being (López et al., 2020). Researchers have shown that psychological well-being decreases during the coronary crisis compared to pre-coronary psychological well-being and that symptoms such as anxiety, depression, nervousness, and frustration increase during the day (Tuason, Güss, 2021). Social distance is now necessary to reduce the prevalence of the disease. However, this social distance leads to more loneliness and social isolation, which increases the risk of suicide, substance abuse and obesity, and so on. We are in a coronary condition between two epidemics, one coronary and the other solitary (Jeste, 2021); Research findings confirm that loneliness is a causal factor in the health and psychological well-being of various populations and has serious immediate and long-term consequences in mental health (Hooman, Ahadi, Sepah Mansour, Sheikhi, 2010). Research results indicate an inverse relationship between wisdom and loneliness and show the potential role of wisdom-enhancing interventions in reducing and preventing loneliness (Morlett Paredes et al., 2019). Wisdom consists of several specific components: social behaviour, emotional regulation, acceptance of different values, and assertiveness (Nguyen, 2021). Reinforcement of wisdom may lead to improved mental health and psychological well-being (Vásquez et al., 2020). The results showed that higher levels of lonliness were correlated with lower levels of wisdom and vice versa. Loneliness was associated with poor health, sleep quality, and happiness, and such results can be interpreted in two ways(Jeste, Di Somma, 2020). Given the negative effects of the corona pandemic and the feeling of loneliness of women in situations where their responsibilities have multiplied, and based on a review of the research background, it is expected that reducing loneliness will lead to increasing wisdom and psychological well-being. In this regard, these questions arise as to whether wisdom contributes to the psychological well-being of women. Can the feeling of loneliness play a meditating role in this regard or not?. Methodology This study aimed to study the relationship between wisdom and the psychological well-being of women with moderating role of the feelings of loneliness. The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive. 409 women were selected by convenience sampling method. The 18-item Reef Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, the Adult Social-Emotional Loneliness Questionnaire, and a 12-item 3D short-term wisdom questionnaire were used online. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and AMOS software. Findings The results revealed a significant direct effect of wisdom, and feelings of loneliness on Psychological Well-Being. , and also, a moderating role of the feeling of loneliness (emotional and social) in the path of wisdom and Psychological Well-Being was significant. Generally, the fit indices of the whole model were appropriate. Result The first hypothesis of the study based on the effect of wisdom on women's psychological well-being was confirmed. As a theoretical basis, we can combine the cognitive, reflective and emotional characteristics of wisdom, a cognitive dimension that refers to a person's capacity and desire to understand life and face ambiguity and uncertainty and gain the meaning of life that leads to increased psychological well-being in the individual. The reflective dimension refers to a person's metacognition and reflective thinking skills and examining an event from multiple perspectives, The emotional dimension, includes a person's positive feelings and behaviours toward the world through empathy and compassion, and self-compassionate people deal with problems more kindly and without judgment. And the higher the wisdom, the higher the psychological well-being. Accordingly, wise women usually have high psychological well-being. Based on the second hypothesis, it is concluded that the feeling of loneliness (emotional and social) has a significant and inverse relationship with psychological well-being and wisdom. To explain this result, it can be said that when women feel that they are alone in society and do not feel any support in terms of the social environment around them, This feeling, in turn, harms self-acceptance, environmental dominance, a positive relationship with others, having a purpose in life, their personal growth and independence, and in general, their psychological well-being. The results also showed that there is an inverse relationship between wisdom and loneliness. To explain this result it can be said that the loneliness reaction increases activity in a part of the brain that is effective on attention and reduces attention and slows cognitive function, in contrast, the reaction of wisdom and happiness increases activity in the left insular that manages social characteristics like empathy (Grenan et al., 2021), so increasing wisdom can counteract negative cognitive factors of loneliness and minimize their effects. Another result was that wisdom has a significant effect on women's psychological well-being by mediating the role of loneliness (emotional, and social). Accordingly, people with positive efforts to develop empathy, humour, cognitive cohesion, visualization of wisdom in actions and positive influence on themselves and others will gain positive emotions and therefore will feel less lonely as a result, people will have high psychological well-being. those who have higher psychological well-being are happy, optimistic and have high emotional stability, try to solve their problems directly and are satisfied with their lives and feel happy (Afshari, Hashemi, 1398). Also, the wise response to coping with loneliness can reduce the negative effects of loneliness on life (Grenan et al., 2020), and thus help to increase women's psychological well-being by reducing loneliness. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Psychological well-being, Wisdom, Loneliness, Emotional loneliness, Social loneliness | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
افشاری، علی و هاشمی، زهره. (1398). رابطه بین مواجهه مذهبی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی با احساس تنهایی در سالمندان، مجله روانشناسی پیری. 5(1)، 75-65. بهادری خسروشاهی، جعفر و هاشمی نصرت‌آباد، تورج. (1390). رابطۀ امیدواری و تاب‌آوری با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی در دانشجویان. اندیشه و رفتار، 22(6)، 50-41. جوکار، بهرام و سلیمی، عظیمه. (1390). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی فرم کوتاه مقیاس احساس تنهایی اجتماعی و عاطفی بزرگسالان. مجله علوم رفتاری، 5(4)، 317-311. خانجانی، مهدی.، شهیدی، شهریار.، فتح‌آبادی، جلیل.، مظاهری محمدعلی و شکری، امید. (1393). ساختار عاملی و ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی فرم کوتاه (18 سؤالی) مقیاس بهزیستی روان‌شناختی ریف در دانشجویان دختر و پسر. اندیشه و رفتار در روانشناسی بالینی، 32(8)، 93-27. نجاتی‌فر، سارا.، رحیمی پردنجانی، سعید و آقازیارتی، علی. (1400). بررسی رابطه ابعاد خردمندی با سرزندگی تحصیلی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی در دانش آموزان دختر تیزهوش. سنجش و پژوهش در مشاوره و روانشناسی کاربردی، ۳(۲)، ۵۹-۵۰. رضایی، علی‌محمد. صفایی، مریم. هاشمی، فاطمه سادات. (1392). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس احساس تنهایی دانشجویان. روانشناسی بالینی، 5(3)، 90-81. زارعی، سلمان. (1400). نقش تعدیل کنندگی خودشفقت‌ورزی در رابطه بین نشانگان افسردگی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی زنان بیوه. مطالعات اجتماعی روان‌شناختی زنان، 19(2)، 118-93. دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران. (1399). سلامت زنان در دوران کرونا .https://iums.ac.ir ذبیحی حصاری، نرجس خاتون.، چاجی، محمدرضا و زارع مقدم، علی. (1396). رابطه خردمندی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و سرزندگی تحصیلی در دانش آموزان. پژوهشهای تربیتی، ۴(۳۵)، ۳۵-۲۰. کدخدایی، مریم.، آزاد فلاح، پرویز و فراهانی، حجت الله. (1398). ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاس بهزیستی روان‌شناختی زنان. روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ایرانی، 16(61)، 36-23. کردنوقابی، رسول. (1398). روانشناسی خرد. تهران، انتشارات ارجمند. کردنوقابی، رسول.، دلفان بیرانوند، آرزو و عربلو، زینب. (2015). دیدگاه سالمندان در مورد خرد و مولفه‌های آن: روانشناسی خرد. روانشناسی پیری، 1(3)، 167-157. میکائیلی منیع، فرزانه. (1389). بررسی ساختار عاملی مقیاس بهزیستی روان‌شناختی ریف در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه ارومیه. روانشناسی دانشگاه تبریز، 165-143. نجفی، محمود.، دبیری، سولماز.، دهشیری، غلامرضا و جعفری، نصرت. (1392). نقش امید، احساس تنهایی و مؤلفه‌های آن در پیش‌بینی رضایت از زندگی سالمندان. پژوهشهای مشاوره، 47(12)، 113-99. هومن، حیدرعلی.، احدی، حسن.، سپاه‌منصور، مژگان و شیخی، منصوره. (1389). مدل‌یابی احساس تنهایی بر پایه ساختار بهزیستی معنوی، خودکارآمدی و رضایت از زندگی. تحقیقات روان‌شناختی، 2(7)، 32-19. Afshari, A. & Hashemi, Z. (2019). The relationship between religious exposure and psychological well-being with loneliness in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 5(1), 65-75. (In Persian) Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(1), P15-P27. Ardelt, M. (2000). Antecedents and effects of wisdom in old age: A longitudinal perspective on aging well. Research on Aging, 22, 360–394. Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275-324. Ardelt, M. (2011). Wisdom, age, and well-being. In Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 279-291). Academic Press. Ardelt, M. (2019). Wisdom and well-being. The Cambridge handbook of wisdom. 602-625. Ardelt. M. & Edwards, C. A. (2016). Wisdom at the end of life: An analysis of mediating andmoderating relations between wisdom and subjective well-being. Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 71, 502–513. Ardelt, M. & Ferrari, M. (2019). Effects of wisdom and religiosity on subjective well-being in old age and young adulthood: Exploring the pathways through mastery and purpose in life. Int Psychogeriatrics, 31, 477–489. Ardelt, M. & Jeste D. V. (2018). Wisdom and hard times: The ameliorating effect of wisdom on the negative association between adverse life events and well-being. Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 73, 1374–1383. Bahadori Khosroshahi, J. & Hashemi Nusratabad, T. (2011). The relationship between hope and resilience with psychological well-being in students. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 22(6), 50-41. (In Persian) Baltes, P. B., Gluck, J. & Kunzmann, U. (2001). Its structure and function in regulating successful life span development. Handbook of positive psychology, 327. Brugman, G. (2000). Wisdom: Source of narrative coherence and eudaimonia. Delft The Netherlands: Uitgeverij Eberon. Chiao, C., Chen, Y. H. & Yi, C. C. (2019). Loneliness in young adulthood: Its intersecting forms and its association with psychological well-being and family characteristics in Northern Taiwan. PloS One, 14(5), e0217777. DiTommaso, E., Brannen, C. & Best, L. A. (2004). Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the social an emotional loneliness scale for adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(1), 99-119. Grennan, G., Balasubramani, P. P., Alim, F., Zafar-Khan, M., Lee, E. E., Jeste, D. V. & Mishra, J. (2021). Cognitive and neural correlates of loneliness and wisdom during emotional bias. Cerebral Cortex, 31(7), 3311-3322. Grossmann, I., Weststrate, N. M., Ardelt, M., Brienza, J. P., Dong, M., Ferrari, M., ... & Vervaeke, J. (2020). The science of wisdom in a polarized world: Knowns and unknowns. Psychological Inquiry, 31(2), 103-133. Grossmann, I. N. J., Varnum, M. E., Kitayama, S. & Nisbett, R. E. (2013). A route to well-being: intelligence versus wise reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3), 944. Gubler, D. A., Makowski, L. M., Troche, S. J. & Schlegel, K. (2021). Loneliness and well-being during the Covid-19 pandemic: Associations with personality and emotion regulation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(5), 2323-2342. Hooman, H. A., Ahadi, H., Sepah Mansour, M. & Sheikhi, M. (2010). Modeling loneliness based on the structure of spiritual well-being, self-efficacy and life satisfaction. Psychological Research, 2(7), 32-19. (In Persian) Iran University of Medical Sciences. (2020). Women's health during the corona .https: //iums.ac.ir. (In Persian) Jeste, D. V., Di Somma, S., Lee, E. E., Nguyen, T. T., Scalcione, M., Biaggi, A., ... & Brenner, D. (2021). Study of loneliness and wisdom in 482 middle-aged and oldest-old adults: A comparison between people in Cilento, Italy and San Diego, USA. Aging & Mental Health, 25(11), 2149-2159. Jokar, B. & Salimi, A. (2014). Psychometric properties of adult social and emotional loneliness scale short form scale. Journal of Behavioral Sciences; 5(4), 311-317. (In Persian) Kadkhodaee, M., Azadfallah, P. & Farahani, H. (2019). Construction and validation of the women's psychological well-being scale. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 16(61), 23-36. (In Persian) Kekes, J. (1983). Wisdom. American Philosophical Quarterly, 20(3), 277–286. Khanjani, M., Shahidi, Sh., Fatehabadi, J., Mazaheri, M. & Shukri, A. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of short form (18 questions) Reef psychological well-being scale in male and female students. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 32(8), 27-93. (In Persian) Kordnoghabi, R. (2019). Wisdom Psychology. Tehran. Arjmandpub. Kordnoghabi, R., Delfan Beyravand, A. & Arablo, Z. (2016). Older people's attitudes about wisdom and its components (wisdom Psychology). Aging Psychology, 1(3), 157-167. (In Persian) Lee EE, Depp C, Palmer BW, Glorioso D, Daly R, Liu J, Tu XM, Kim H-C, Tarr P, Yamada Y, et al. (2019). High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor. Int Psychogeriatrics, 31, 1447–1462. López, J., Perez-Rojo, G., Noriega, C., Carretero, I., Velasco, C., Martinez-Huertas, J. A., ... & Galarraga, L. (2020). Psychological well-being among older adults during the COVID-19 outbreak: A comparative study of the young–old and the old–old adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1365-1370. Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(6), 695-706. Tuason, M. T., Güss, C. D., & Boyd, L. (2021). Thriving during COVID-19: Predictors of psychological well-being and ways of coping. PloS one, 16(3), e0248591. Mahmoud Najafi, M. Dabiri, S. Dehshiri, Gh. And Jafari, n.(2013). The role of hope, loneliness feeling and their components in prediction of elders' life satisfaction. [Research]. Journal of counseling research, 12(47), 99-114. (In Persian) Michaeli Manee, F. (2010). The Study of Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale Factorial Structure between Urmia University Students. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 5(18), 143-165. (In Persian) Morlett Paredes, A., Lee, E. E., Chik, L., Gupta, S., Palmer, B. W., Palinkas, L. A., ... & Jeste, D. V. (2021). Qualitative study of loneliness in a senior housing community: the importance of wisdom and other coping strategies. Aging & mental health, 25(3), 559-566. Najafi, M. Dabiri, S. Dehshiri, Gh. And Jafari, N. (2013). The role of hope, loneliness feeling and their components in prediction of elders' life satisfaction. [Research]. Journal of counseling research, 12(47), 99-114. (In Persian) Nejatifar, S. Rahimi Pordanjani, S. Aghaziarati, A. (2021). Investigating the Relationships of Dimensions of Wisdom with the Academic Vitality and Psychological Well-Being in Gifted Female Students. Journal of Assessment and Research in Counseling and Applied Psychology. 3 (2) :50-59. (In Persian) Nguyen, T. T., Zhang, X., Wu, T. C., Liu, J., Le, C., Tu, X. M., ... & Jeste, D. V. (2021). Association of loneliness and wisdom with gut microbial diversity and composition: an exploratory study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 395. Nguyen, T. T. (2021). Wisdom as a potential antidote to loneliness in aging. International psychogeriatrics, 33(5), 429-431. Rezaei, A., Safaei, M., Hashemi, F. (2013). Psychometric Properties of the Student Loneliness Feeling Scale (SLFS). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 5(3), 81-90. (In Persian) Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069. Sivevska, D. (2010). Instigation and development of gifted in school. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3329-3333. Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347–365. Thomas, M. L., Bangen, K. J., Ardelt, M., & Jeste, D. V. (2017). Development of a 12-item abbreviated Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS-12): Item selection and psychometric properties. Assessment, 24, 71–82. Tuason, M. T., Güss, C. D., & Boyd, L. (2021). Thriving during COVID-19: Predictors of psychological well-being and ways of coping. PloS one, 16(3), e0248591. Umberson, D., Chen, M. D., House, J. S., Hopkins, K., & Slaten, E. (1996). The effect of social relationships on psychological well-being: Are men and women really so different?. American sociological review, 837-857. Veenhoven, R. (2008). Healthy happiness: effects of happiness on physical health and the consequences for preventive health care. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(3), 449-469 Vásquez, E., Lee, E. E., Zhang, W., Tu, X., Moore, D. J., Marquine, M. J. & Jeste, D. V. (2020). HIV and three dimensions of Wisdom: Association with cognitive function and physical and mental well-being: For: Psychiatry Research. Psychiatry research, 294, 113510. Walsh, R. (Ed.). (2013). The world's great wisdom: Timeless teachings from religions and philosophies. SUNY Press. Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13-22. Webster, J. D., Westerhof, G. J. & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2014). Wisdom and mental health across the lifespan. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 69, 209–218. Weststrate, N. M. & Glück, J. (2017). Wiser but not sadder, blissful but not ignorant: Exploring the co-development of wisdom and well-being over time. In The happy mind: Cognitive contributions to well-being (pp. 459-480). Springer, Cham. Wink, P. & Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 1–15. World Health Organization. (2010). Gender, women and primary health care renewal: a discussion paper. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44430 World Health Organization. (2020) https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses. Fu, X., Wei, X., Wang, Y. & Wang, F. (2019). The relationship between wisdom and well-being: A perspective based on multiple orientations to well-being. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(3), 544. Zabihi Hessari, N. Chaji, M. & Zarem Muqaddam, A. (2017). Relationship between wisdom and psychological well-being and academic buoyancy of students. Journal of Educational Research, 4(35), 20-35. (In Persian) Zacher, H., & Staudinger, U. M. (2018). Wisdom and well-being. Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers. Zarei, S. (2021). The moderating role of self- compassion in the relationship between depression symptoms and psychological well-being in widowed women. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 19(2), 93-118. (In Persian) | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 526 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 314 |
||